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May/June 2007
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Composition of the Essential Oils of Satureja abyssinica ssp. abyssinica and Satureja paradoxa: Their Antimicrobial and Radical Scavenging Activities (pg. 295)
Ketema Tolossa, Kaleab Asres,* Fathy K. El-Fiky, Abdel Nasser B. Singab and Franz Bucar
The essential oils of fresh aerial parts of Satureja abyssinica (Benth.) Briq. ssp. abyssinica and Satureja paradoxa
(Vatke) Engl. collected in Ethiopia were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC/FID) and gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry (GC/MS). The results of the analyses indicated that the components of the two oils are similar qualitatively
with significant quantitative differences. Twenty-three compounds comprising 96.9% of the total peak area
were identified in S. abyssinica ssp. abyssinica oil with the monoterpene ketones pulegone (43.5%) and isomenthone
(40.7%) as major components. The oil of S. paradoxa was found to contain twenty-six compounds comprising 92.0%
of the total oil with the major components being cis-piperitone oxide (45.3%), pulegone (9.3%) and piperitenone
oxide (8.1%). The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the oils was studied against some medically important pathogens
including Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as some fungal strains using standard agar-well diffusion
technique. Both oils exhibited significant activity against most of the bacteria and fungi used in the study with minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.50 to 4.00 μL/mL, against the bacteria, and 0.19 to 3.00
μL/mL, against the fungi. Comparison of their activity with standard antibacterial and antifungal agents revealed that
both oils were more active against Streptococcus pyogenes than the standard antibiotic amoxicillin. Moreover, the oil
of S. paradoxa displayed a powerful activity against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagraphytes with growth
inhibition zone greater than that of the standard antifungal agent ketoconazole. The oils were also tested for their
antioxidant activity in diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and showed a dose dependant free radical scavenging
activity with IC50 values of 1.8 μL/mL (S. abyssinica subsp. abyssinica) and 1.6 μL/mL (S. paradoxa).
Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Chenopodium botrys L. Essential Oil from Greece (pg. 292)
O. Tzakou*, A. Pizzimenti, F.C. Pizzimenti, V. Sdrafkakis and E. M. Galati
The chemical composition of the aerial parts oil of ,i>Chenopodium botrys L. was examined by GC and GC/MS. Fifty-four compounds were identified representing 94.4% of the total oil. The oil comprised mainly sesquiterpenes with elemol acetate (16.3%), elemol (14.1%), botrydiol (11.1%), α-chenopodiol (9.5%), β-eudesmol (7.0%) and selina-
3.11-dien-6α-ol (6.1 %) being the major components.
Purity, Antimicrobial Activities and Olfactoric Evaluations of Geraniol/Nerol and Various of Their Derivatives (pg. 288)
Leopold Jirovetz*, Gerhard Buchbauer, Erich Schmidt, Albena S. Stoyanova, Zapriana Denkova, Radosveta Nikolova and Margit Geissler
Commercially available geraniol and nerol, as well as some derivatives, were analyzed for their purity using GC and GC/MS. The olfactoric quality of the samples was evaluated by professional perfumers. Antimicrobial testings using an agar dilution and an agar diffusion method were done to obtain information about their activities against
some Gram-(+) and Gram-(-) bacteria, as well as the yeast Candida albicans. The effects were compared with those of the phenolic compound eugenol and some synthetic antibiotics. Most of the investigated compounds were found to have a characteristic, pleasant odor and a high activity against all strains of microorganisms used.
Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Calamintha betulifolia Boiss. et Bal. (pg. 285)
M. Kürkçüoglu, Gökalp Iscan, Temel Ozek, K.H.C. Baser* and Sevim Alan
The water distilled essentials oil from the aerial parts of Calamintha betulifolia Boiss. et Bal. collected from three different localities in Turkey were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Fifty six to seventy nine components representing 80.6–93.0 % of the oils were characterized. Pulegone (26-54 %) was found as the main constituent. The antimicrobial effects of C. betulifolia essential oil are reported here for the first time.
Composition and Molluscicidal Properties of Essential Oils from Leaves of Xylopia langsdorffiana A. St. Hil. et Tul. (Annonaceae) (pg. 282)
Josean F. Tavares, Marianna V. B. Silva, Karine F. Queiroga, Rodrigo M. Martins, Tania M. S., Silva, Celso A. Camara, Maria de F. Agra, José M. Barbosa-Filho, Marcelo S. da Silva* and Márcia O.M. Marques
The volatile fraction of Xylopia langsdorffiana leaves was analyzed by GC and GC/MS and tested for molluscicidal
activity. With this methodology 19 different components were identified in the oil. Among them, germacrene D (22.9%), trans-β-guaiene (22.6%), β-caryophyllene (15.7%), and α-pinene (7.3%) were found to be the major constituents. The oil showed significant molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata, with an LC90 value of 5.6 μg/mL, which falls below the threshold of 100 μg/mL, set for potential molluscicidal activity by the World Health Organization.
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Rhizome and Leaf Oils of Amomum hypoleucum Thwaites (pg. 279)
Baby Sabulal, Rajani Kurup, Varughese George*, Mathew Dan and Nediyaparambu Sukumaran Pradeep
Essential oils from the rhizomes and leaves of Amomum hypoleucum were hydrodistilled and characterized
by GC/FID and GC/MS. Nineteen constituents comprising 93.0% were identified from the rhizome oil. Cryptone (15.4%), β-pinene (11.9%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.6%) were the major constituents in the rhizome oil. Fifty-two constituents comprising 97.6% were identified from the leaf oil. (E)-Nerolidol (26.5%), α-fenchyl acetate (15.0%)
and β-caryophyllene (8.4%) were the major constituents in the leaf oil. These oils showed good antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli.
Essential Oils of Selected Hawaiian Plants and Associated Litters (pg. 276)
Jingyu Chen, Joseph Lichwa and Chittaranjan Ray*
The chemical composition of the essential oils from the leaves of Araucaria heterophylla (also known as Norfolk Island pine), Casuarina cunninghamian, Eucalyptus citriodora, Psidium cattlenium var. lucidum (also known as strawberry guava), and litters of the first two species were studied using two gas chromatography techniques, one equipped with a mass spectrometer detector (GC/MS) and the other with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Six volatile compounds were identified in the leaf oil of A. heterophylla. A substantial increase in the amount of α-pinene,
α-terpinene and a decrease in the amount of β-caryophyllene was noticed in the litter oil of A. heterophylla. Three volatile compounds were identified in C. cunninghamian. Another monoterpene, α-terpinene, was observed in the
litter oil of C. cunninghamian. Eleven compounds were identified in the leaf oil of P. cattlenium, of which β-caryophyllene
(59.0%), α-pinene (13.2%) and myrcene (11.3%) were the major components. Thirteen volatile oil compounds
were identified in the E. citriodora leaf oil, of which citronellal (42.8%), citronellol (17.9%) and α-terpinene (11.2%)
were the major components.
Agrimonia aitchisonii Schonbeck Temesy (Rosaceae): A New Source Of Methyl Myrtenate (pg. 273)
Anand B. Melkani,* Anuradha Negi, Mohammad S. Javed, Philip S. Beauchamp and Vasu Dev
The essential oil from the aerial parts of Agrimonia aitchisonii (Rosaceae), obtained by steam distillation was investigated by GC, GC/MS and NMR spectroscopy. The oil was found to be rich in methyl myrtenate (62.4%). Other components with significant percentage were limonene (7.2%), linalool (4.8%), myrtenyl acetate (4.6%), linalyl acetate (5.9%) and zingiberene (2.4%).
Fragrant Lactones in the Steam Distillation Residue of Aeollanthus suaveolens Mart. ex Spreng and Analysis by HS - SPME (pg. 271)
Fernanda A. Lupe, Ana C. Lemes, Fabio Augusto and Lauro E. S. Barata*
The volatiles found in the headspace of Aeollanthus suaveolens were analyzed by solid phase microextraction coupled with GC/MS. This led to the identification of the 23 compounds. During steam distillation of the oil of A. Suaveolens, the very fragrant lactones, massoia lactone and δ- decalactone, were concentrated in the residue from which they can easily be extracted for perfumery purposes.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from Flower, Stem and Leaves of Astragalus schahrudensis Bge. from Iran (pg. 269)
Hashem Akhlaghi, Abdolhossein Rustaiyan,* Kambiz Larijani, Ali Shafaghat, Nasrin Masnabadi and Shiva Masoudi
The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the flowers, stems and leaves of Astragalus schahrudensis Bge,
endemic in Iran, were analazed by GC and GC/MS. Seventeen compounds representing 96.6% of the flower oil of A. schahrudensis were identified; among them, germacrene D (47.6%) and germacrene B (17.8%) were the major ones. The stem oil was characterized by higher amount of β-selinene(29.4%),δ-guaiene (21.7%), α-guaiene (13.4%) and α-selinene (10.9%) among the 14 components comprising 94.6% of the total oil detected. Eighteen compounds representing 97.3% of the leaf oil of the plant were identified; among them, α-pinene (33.8%) bornyl acetate (14.2%),
limonene (12.2%) and α-fenchyl acetate (10.0%) were the major ones.
The flower and stem oils of A.schahrudensis consisted mainly of sesquiterpenes, while in leaf oil monoterpenes predominated over sesquiterpenes.
Chemical Composition Of The Essential Oil Of Cionura erecta (Asclepiadaceae) Inflorescences (pg. 266)
Vassilios Myrianthopoulos, Nikolas Fokialakis, Eleni Melliou and Sofia Mitaku*
The essential oil of the inflorescence of Cionura erecta (L.) Griseb. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Seventy-two
components were identified. The major components of the oil were safranal (16.8%), (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate (6.1%),
heneicosane (5.7%) linalool (4.8%), linalool (4.8%) and tricosane (4.4%).
Essential Oil Composition of Four Iranian Nepeta Species (N. cephalotes, N. bornmuelleri, N. mirzayanii and N. bracteata) (pg. 262)
F. Sefidkon* and Z. Jamzad
Essential oils from aerial parts of Nepeta cephalotes Boiss., N. bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Bornm., N. mirzayanii
Rech. f. et Esfand. and N. bracteata Benth. were obtained by hydrodistillation. The oils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. Eight components were identified in the oil of N. cephalotes with 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (90.1%) and β-pinene (7.5%) as main constituents. Twenty-eight compounds were identified in the oil of N. bornmuelleri with 4aβ,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone (64.0%) and 1,8-cineole (7.1%) as main components. Twenty-two compounds were characterized in the oil of N. mirzayanii with
4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (61.0%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.8%) as main constituents. Twenty-eight compounds were characterized in the oil of N. bracteata with spathulenol (14.0%), caryophyllene oxide (12.3%), bicyclogermacrene (11.4%) and β-caryophyllene (11.2%) as main constituents. The results showed the nepetalactone isomers were the main components of the oils of N. cephalotes, N. bornmuelleri and N. mirzayanii. The oil of N. bracteata consisted of mainly of sesquiterpenes, while nepetalactone was not detected in this oil.
Hydrodistillation Kinetic and Antibacterial effect Studies of the flower Essential Oil from the Tunisian Ridolfia segetum (L.) (pg. 258)
Hichem Ben Jannet and Zine Mighri*
The flower oil of Ridolfia segetum (L.) Moris of Tunisian origin was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents
of the oil were myristicin and dillapiole, the amounts of which varied depending upon the length of time the flowers were hydrodistilled. The contents of myristicin and dillapiole varied from 13.1–31.5% and 29.5–85.4%, respectively. Oil samples (fractions) were taken every 10 min from 10 to 150 min. Each fraction was screened against three Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria. It was found that the antibacterial activity of the fractions was directly related to their proportions of monoterpenols and phenolic derivatives.
The Essential Oil Composition of Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. et Kit.) Schultz. Bip. (pg. 255)
Betül Demirci* and K.Hüsnü Can Baser
A water distilled essential oil from aerial parts of Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. et Kit.) Schultz.Bip. was analyzed
both by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major components were identified as β-eudesmol (21.4%) and cis-chrysanthenol (12%). Seventy five components were characterized representing 86.5% of the oil.
Essential Oils from the Leaves of Bosistoa F. Muell. ex Benth. (Rutaceae) (pg. 249)
Joseph J Brophy*, Robert J Goldsack and Paul I Forster
The leaf oils for species in the genus Bosistoa have been examined by GC and GC/MS. Bosistoa brassii produced
a sesquiterpenoid leaf oil, the principal components of which were β−caryophyllene (2–12%), α−humulene (1–18%,)
and bicyclogermacrene (trace – 24%). Bosistoa floydii produced a leaf oil (in poor yield) dominated by α−pinene (46–67%). The leaf oil of B. medicinalis contained significant amounts of α−pinene (13–57%). The principal sesquiterpene present in the oil was β−caryophyllene (1–9%). Bosistoa pentacocca, in both varieties, produced a leaf oil devoid of monoterpenes. The principal components in the leaf oil of this species were δ−cadinene (6-11%), α−copaene
(2-7%), germacrene D (4–14%) and α−cadinol (2–8%). The leaf oils from B. transversa were variable, but the majority
contained significant amounts of monoterpenes, with α−pinene (24–83%) being the principal component. The oil yields in all cases were poor (0.02–0.3%). Recommendations for taxon recognition in Bosistoa are made.
Lomatium grayi and Indra Swallowtail Butterfly. Composition of the Essential Oils of Three Varieties of Lomatium grayi (J. M. Coult et Rose) J. M. Coult et Rose. (pg. 244)
Vasu Dev,* Bill Ly, Art E. Miranda and Wayne Whaley
The female Indra Swallowtail butterfly lays eggs on a number of species of the genus Lomatium in the Apiaceae
family. The essential oils of three varieties of Lomatium grayi; L. grayi. var. grayi, L. grayi var. depauperatum and
L. grayi. var. (undescribed) have been analyzed. Among the major components, L. grayi var. grayi shows myrcene
(8.4%), β-phellandrene/limonene (27.2%), γ-terpinene (10.4%), and senkyunolide (24.4%). L. grayi var. depauperatum
shows myrcene (8.1%), p-cymene (4.3%), β-phellandrene/limonene (20.8%), (Z)-β- and (Ε)−β−ocimene (23.6%), γ-terpinene (4.4%), germacrene D (4.6%), senkyunolide (4.7%), and (Z)-ligustilide (6.7%). L. grayi (new varity) shows β-phellandrene/limonene (17.7%), γ−terpinene (16.1%), and senkyunolide (44.0%). These observations
contrast significantly with the reported composition of L. grayi. Only L. grayi var. depauperatum and L. grayi (new
variety) attract the butterfly.
Differences Between The Inflorescence, Leaf And Stem Essential Oils Of Wild Mentha pulegium Plants From Zakynthos, Greece (pg. 239)
Catherine M. Cook*, Eleni Maloupa, Stella Kokkini and Thomas Lanaras
The composition of the inflorescence (I), leaf (L) and stem (S) essential oils of wild Mentha pulegium plants from three populations (1-3) on the island of Zakynthos were examined. Pulegone (32.8 %, S1 to 75.8 %, I3) was the major constituent of all of the oils. The other main constituents were piperitenone (5.1 %, L3 to 35 %, I2), isomenthone
(4.3 %, I2 to 28.6 %, L3) and piperitone (0.5 %, I3 to 5.2 %, L2). In total, C-3-oxygenated p-menthane compounds constituted from 73.0 % (S1) to 96.2 % (I2) of the oils. The piperitenone content of the inflorescence oils was up to 2.4 (Loc 3) times higher than that of the leaf oils. Correspondingly, the isomenthone content of the leaf oils was up
to 4.2 (Loc 2) times higher than that of the inflorescence oils. The ratio of the isomenthone:piperitenone content of the oils (n=3) was markedly different for the inflorescence (mean 0.31 ±SD 0.21 ), leaf (mean 2.91 ± SD 2.37) and stem (mean 1.12 ± SD 0.68) oils. The essential oil yields (mL /100g DW) were for the inflorescences 3.1-5.0 %, leaves
3.1-4.0 %, stems <0.1-0.1% and whole plant (aerial parts) 2.4-3.9 % and are among the highest oil yields reported to date in Greece for M. pulegium.
Essential Oil Analyses of The Root Oils Of 10 Bupleurum Species From China (pg. 234)
Xiu-Qin Li , Zhong-Gui He, Kai-Shun. Bi*, Zong-Hua Song and Liang Xu
The volatile composition of the root oils of ten Bupleurum species (B.chinense DC., B.scorzonerifolium Willd.,
B.microcephalum Diels., B.malconense Shan et Y. Li, B.longicaule Wall. et DC. var. giraldii Wolff, B.marginatum
Wall. ex DC, B.bicaule Helm, B.yinchowense Shan et Y. Li, B.wenchuanense Shan et Y. Li, B.smithii Wolff. var.
parvifolium Shan et Y. Li) have been studied. The species were collected in their typical habitats of China. The oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and their analyses were performed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Fifty constituents of the oils were identified. The major components of the root oil of B.chinense were hexanal (29.5%), furfural (7.3%), hexanoic acid (7.4%), 2-amylfuran (5.5%) and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (5.9%). The main components of the root oil
of B.scorzonerifolium were hexanal (12.4%), furfural (8.1%), heptanal (9.3%) and dodecanoic acid (5.7%). Sixteen
compounds were characterized in the root oil of B.microcephalum, with cyperol (15.6%), heptanal (6.4%) as main
constituents. The major components were furfural (13.2%) and p-tolyl-2-propene (7.5%) in the oil of B.malconense. Nineteen compounds were characterized in the root oil of B.longicaule, with hexanal (15.1%), furfural (15.6%) and p-tolyl-2-propene (7.2%) as main constituents. The main constituents were p-tolyl-2-propene (9.2%), p-cymene (8.4%) and cis-linalool oxide (5.4%) in the root oil of B.marginatum. Nineteen compounds were characterized in the root oil of B.bicaule, with 4-tridecen-6-yne (42.6%) as the main constituent. The main compounds were hexanal (30.5%),
furfural (11.9%) and hexanoic acid (11.7%) in the root oil of B.yinchowense. The main components were undecane
(19.9%), p-tolyl-2-propene (8.5%) and hexanal (6.1%) in the root oil of B.wenchuanense. Twenty-two compounds
were characterized in the root oil of B.smithii var. parvifolium, with hexanal (10.8%) and methyl thymol (6.2%). A
comparison of the root oil compositions from the ten Bupleurum species showed that the concentration of major
compounds was different, but almost all samples were found to contain a series aliphatic derivatives.
Comparative Study of the Essential Oil of Rhodiola rosea L. from Mongolia (pg. 215)
Sanduin Shatar*, Robert P. Adams and Wilfried Koenig†
The essential oil of the rhizomes of Mongolian Rhodiola rosea L. was investigated by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-six constituents were identified in the oil. The main components in the oil were geraniol (32.3%), myrtenol (15.7%), octanol (13.7%), trans-pinocarveol (11.6%), trans-myrtanol (3.2%), isopinocamphone (2.8%) and piperitone (1.2%). Comparisons are made with Rhodiola rosea rhizome oil from Finland and Norway and oils from other Rhodiola species (R. crenulata, Tibet; R. fastigiata, Tibet; R. yunnanesis, China).
Essential Oil Composition of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim Roots (pg. 209)
Rita Richter,* Hans-P. Hanssen, Wilfried A. Koenig† and Angelika Koch
The root oils of three samples of Eleutherococcus senticosus were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The quantitatively most significant constituent in the oils of samples 1 and 2, respectively, was (E)-anethole (27.9–17.2%), whereas it could be found only at a concentration of 1.0% in sample 3. In this oil sample, predominating compounds were thymol (4.7%), α-longipinene (4,8%), guaia-6,9-dien-4β-ol (7.4%) and α-bisabolol (7.6%). Generally, the content of
monoterpenoids (56–16%) was distinctly more variable compared to the sesquiterpenoids (36–25%).
Essential Oil Composition of Aerial Parts of Sinapis arvensis L. from Algeria (pg. 206)
Nassima Bendimerad, Sid Ahmed Taleb Bendiab, Katharina Breme and Xavier Fernandez*
Aerial flowering parts of Sinapis arvensis L. growing in Algeria provided a pale, light yellow colored essential oil with a characteristic sulfury odor. The oil was found to be a complex mixture of aldehydes, nitriles, sulfur-containing compounds and mono- and sesquiterpenes. Seventy compounds accounting about 96.4% of the oil were characterized using capillary GC and GC/MS. Major compounds of the oil are dimethyl trisulfide (33.6%), heptadecane (10.5%),
methylpentadecane (9.1%), 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecane-2-one (8.6%) and dimethyl tetrasulfide (7.3%).
Low Frequency Permittivity and Conductivity of Essential Lemon Oil (pg. 202)
Pedro C. Brito*, Magdalena Mechetti and Carlos M. Gotter
Permittivity and conductivity values of two industrial samples of ssential lemon oil have been determined from impedance and capacitance measurements in the low frequency range (500 Hz – 1000 kHz). Measurements have been performed using the Impedance Analyzer HP 4284 A and an acrylic cylindrical cell for liquids, with plane parallel
electrodes of variable separation between them, designed and constructed in our laboratory. The main proposals of this work are to give some insight about the low frequency dielectric behavior and to fill partly the bibliographical data of this industrial substance.
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