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March/April 2007
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Non-Destructive Sampling of Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) for Oil Content and Composition (pg. 157)
Christopher G. Jones*, Julie A. Plummer and Elizabeth L. Barbour
East Indian sandalwood, Santalum album, is renowned for its fragrant heartwood. Current methods of heartwood oil assessment of standing trees remain largely untested and unreliable. Core sampling of 22 S. album trees at fixed heights followed by solvent extraction of core samples and subsequent analysis was correlated to distilled yields of wood from the same trees. Oil contents of 10-year-old sandalwood trees generally decreased exponentially up the
height of the tree, with considerable variation amongst the population. From these trends, core sampling was used to estimate oil yields but large discrepancies existed, and only relative differences could be described. Gas chromatography yielded the most informative results for each core, particularly that the oil composition varied little at 30
cm or at 100 cm, however, there was a slightly higher proportion of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons in samples taken from 100 cm than those from 30 cm. The proportion of sesquiterpene alcohols was generally higher in 30 cm wood cores than in 100 cm samples.
Essential Oils of Piper dumosum Rudge and Piper aleyreanum C.DC (Piperaceae) from Brazilian Amazonian Forest (pg. 165)
Valdir Alves Facundo*, Silane Aparecida Ferreira and Selene Maia de Morais
The essential oils obtained from the leaves of Piper dumosum Rudge and Piper aleyreanum C.DC, collected from
the southern Amazon forest, Brazil, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major components found in the oil of P. dumosum were biclyclogermacrene (16.2%), β-caryophyllene (15.9%), β-pinene (16.0%) and α-pinene (12.1%). The oil of P. aleyreanum showed as main constituents β-pinene (14.4%), isocaryophyllene (17.5%) and β-caryophyllene (18.6%).
Antibacterial Action of Essential Oils from Corsica (pg. 176)
Paul-Georges Rossi, Liliane Berti, Jean Panighi, Anne Luciani,* Jacques Maury, Alain Muselli, Dominique de Rocca Serra, Marcelle Gonny and Jean-Michel Bolla
The antimicrobial activity of 28 essential oil samples isolated from local plants or plants cultivated in Corsica was evaluated against a large panel of human pathogenic bacteria, including Campylobacter jejuni which appeared as a good model for this purpose. The chemical composition of the 18 oils selected for their efficiency was determined by GC and GC/MS. Among them, the oils of Cistus ladaniferus, Crithmum maritimum, Daucus carota, Juniperus communis,
Mentha aquatica and Santolina corsica showed compositions without components known as active, suggesting the presence of compounds not previously described as antibacterial agents.
Volatile Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Tilia tomentosa Moench and Tilia cordata Miller Oils (pg. 183)
Ioanna Fitsiou, Olga Tzakou*, Monica Hancianu and Antonia Poiata
The essential oils of bracts and inflorescences of cultivated Tilia tomentosa and T. cordata from Greece and Romania,
respectively, were investigated. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistilation and analyzed using GC and GC/MS. The oils of from the inflorescences of T. tomentosa and T. cordata were characterized by a high percentage of hydrocarbons (32.3% and 60.4%, respectively) with tricosane being the main component (21.5% and 31.3%). Isocyclocitral (15.3%) and hotrienol (11.5%) were characterized as the main oxygenated monoterpenes of T. tomentosa and T. cordata inflorescences oils, respectively. Linalool (13.1%) and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (17.7%) were the major constituents in bract oil of T. tomentosa, whereas the bract oil of T. cordata was characterized by the predominance
of hydrocarbons (87.4%) with tricosane (32.2%) being the main constituent.
Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activities and Olfactive Evaluation of a Salvia officinalis L. (Sage) Essential Oil from Egypt (pg. 186)
Amr E. Edris*, Leopold Jirovetz, Gerhard Buchbauer, Zapriana Denkova, Albena Stoyanova and Alexander Slavchev
The chemical composition of a Salvia officinalis L. (sage) essential oil from Egypt has been analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-eight volatiles were identified, and camphor (25.1%), α-thujone (22.2%) and β-thujone (17.7%) were found as main compounds. These analytical results were correlated with olfactoric evaluations for quality
control of this sage oil. Furthermore, the oil, some of its terpene components, a reference compound and two commercial antibiotics were screened against several microorganisms to determine the antimicrobial activity of S. officinals from Egypt.
Inhibition of Immediate-Type Allergic Reaction by Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.) Epling Essential Oil (pg. 190)
Laura N. Cariddi,* Adriana Panero, Mirta S. Demo, Liliana I. Sabini, Ana M. Maldonado, Margarita Grosso and Julio Zygadlo
An oil of Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.) Epling was analyzed by GC. The main constituents identified were pulegone (63.0%) and menthone (16.4%). It was found that the oil inhibited β-hexosaminidase release from basophils. Forty-two percent of the cells present in lymphocyte cultures stimulated by the oil were CD8(+) T cells and showed higher IFN-γ levels than non-stimulated cultures (p < 0.05). According to these results, the oil was considered to be
a Th1 deviation inducer, inhibiting the immediate-type allergic reaction.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Flower Oil of Russowia sogdiana (Bunge) B. Fedtsch. (Asteraceae) from China (pg. 197)
Manliang Tan, Ligang Zhou,* Meng Qin, Duan Li, Weibo Jiang, Ye Wang and Xiaojiang Hao
An essential oil, which was obtained by water distillation from Russowia sogdiana (Bunge) B. Fedtsch. flowers,
was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents were identified as limonene (15.9%), trans-α-bergamotene (5.6%), salvial-4(14)-en-1-one (3.8%), carvone (3.6%), p-cymene (3.6%), trans-carveol (3.2%). Thirty-two components were separated and identified which accounted for over 62.1% of the total essential oil. The antimicrobial activity of R. sogdiana oil was studied using broth dilution test on seven bacterial strains, using mycelial growth test on three fungal
strains. The oil exhibited a broad spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus
aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora, Pseudomonas lachrymans,
Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Agrobacterium tumefaciens) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging
from 0.2 mg/mL to 0.8 mg/mL. The oil also showed an important antifungal activity against fruit pathogenic fungi
Glomerella cingulata, Botryodiplodia theobromea and Venturia pirina. Maximum antifungal activity was observed against G. cingulata mycelial growth which percentage inhibition was 51.8% at concentration of 100 μg/mL.
Study of the Essential Oils from the Flowers and Fruits of Scandix iberica Bieb. Growing in Turkey (pg. 155)
Ayla Kaya,* Betul Demirci and K. Husnu Can Bas¸er
Microdistilled essential oils from flowers (A) and fruits (B) of Scandix iberica Bieb. were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. A total of 29 and 27 compounds were identified representing 99.3% and 99.4% of the flower and fruit oils, respectively. The main constituent was found to be methyl chavicol (85.8-90.5 %) in both cases.
Essential Oil of Tordylium ketenoglui H. Duman Et A. Duran (Umbelliferae) Growing in Turkey (pg. 153)
Alev Tosun*, Mine Kürkçüoglu, K. Hüsnü Can Baser and Hayri Duman
The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from fruits of Tordylium ketenoglui H. Duman et A. Duran (Umbelliferae, Apiaceae) was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In total, seventy-seven compounds were characterized, representing 91.6% of the oil. The main constituents were octyl octanoate (28.9%), octanol (11.6%) and bornyl acetate (7.2%).
New Natural Products Isolated from One-Seeded Juniperus of the Southwestern United States:Isolation and Occurrence of 2-Ethenyl-3-Methyl Phenol and Its Derivatives (pg. 146)
Robert P. Adams*, Philip S. Beauchamp, Vasu Dev and Stephen M. Dutz
Re-examination of the leaf essential oils of the one-seeded, serrate leaf junipers of the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, by GC, GC/MS and NMR, has yielded 2-ethenyl-3-methyl phenol (coahuilensol), 2-ethenyl-3-methyl anisole (coahuilensol, methyl ether), and 2-(1’-acetoxyethyl)-3-methyl anisole (pinchotene acetate) as new
natural products. A survey of Juniperus oils revealed that these compounds were found in: three serrate leaf junipers
(J. angosturana, two varieties of J. coahuilensis, and J. pinchotii). Coahuilensol was also found in the oils of two smooth
leaf junipers of the western hemisphere (J. virginiana var. virginiana and J. v. var. silicicola); three multiple seeded, smooth leaf junipers of the eastern hemisphere (J. semiglobosa, J. semiglobosa var. talassica, and J. thurifera). The phenolic compounds were not found in section Juniperus, section Caryocedrus or in the one seeded, smooth leaf junipers of the eastern hemisphere. Coahuilensol has been previously reported as 2-(2-propenyl)-phenol (tentative).
The leaf oils of J. angosturana J. coahuilensis, J. coahuilensis var. coahuilensis, J. monosperma and J. pinchotii were
re-examined based on fresh oil collections and the compositions are reported. NMR data and mass spectra of the three 3-methyl phenols are presented to aid in future identification.
Chemotypic Comparison of AFLP Analyzed Indian Peppermint Germplasm to Selected Peppermint Oils of Other Countries (pg. 138)
Ajit K. Shasany, Soni Gupta, Mahesh K. Gupta, Anil K. Singh, Ali A. Naqvi and Suman P. S. Khanuja*
Essential oil components of 20 Indian peppermint accessions were analyzed through GC and GC/MS and compared with the reported components found in oil samples of different countries (22 locations of 19 countries) to check the commercial potential of the germplasm collection. The comparative oil component analyses revealed the
close relation of P4 and P5 (Indian collections) with Chinese and P9 to Japanese peppermint. Some of the analyzed samples (P6, P8, P11 and P17) were close to American, Canadian, European and South African oils. Essential oil profiles of Indian accessions P10, P14, P19 and P20 were quite different from others as revealed by component plot
analysis. In addition to the similarities, distinct chemotypes in the germplasm were detected with unique essential oil component profiles, which have been discussed in details in this investigation. Further, Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of these 20 Indian accessions differentiated them genetically with a diversity ranging between 17–95%.
California Lomatiums, Part VII. Analysis of the Essential Oils of Lomatium nevadense (Watson) J. Coulter et Rose var. Parishii (J. Coulter et Rose) Jepson. Isolation of trans-Dauc-8-en-11-ol, a New Sesquiterpene Alcohol and Naturally Occurring 2’,3’,3’-T (pg. 117)
Philip S. Beauchamp, Barbara C. Dev and Vasu Dev*, Sharon L. Midland** and James J. Sims
The essential oil from the fruits of Lomatium nevadense var. parishii showed β-phellandrene/limonene, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-terpenene, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, and (E)-sesquilavandulol to constitute more than 3% each of the oil. With the addition of (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol and palmitic acid, the stem and leaf oil had similar composition. A new sesquiterpene alcohol, trans-dauc-8-en-11-ol along with naturally
occurring 2’,3’,3’-trimethyl-2’,3’-dihydroangelicin were isolated. (Z)-Falcarinol made up 48.5% of the root oil.
Composition of the Young Green Barley and Wheat Leaves (pg. 134)
Takayuki Shibamoto*, Masahiro Horiuchi and Katsumi Umano
Composition of young green leaves of barley and wheat were analyzed for volatile compounds by GC/MS. The volatile compounds identified in the barley extract were eight aliphatic alcohols; 18 aliphatic aldehydes; 17 aliphatic ketones; two aliphatic esters; one aliphatic acid; 20 heterocyclic compounds (furans, pyrroles, thiazoles, and pyrazines); 15 terpenes and related compounds; 12 aromatic compounds; and one sulfur containing compound. The main components
of barley extract were (E)-b-ionone (4.55 ppm), benzaldehyde (2.98 ppm), furfural (2.40 ppm), 5,6-epoxyb-ionone (2.36 ppm), and benzylaldehyde (2.32 ppm). Volatile compounds found in the wheat extract were similar to those found in the barley extract. The volatile compounds identified in the wheat extract were 11 aliphatic alcohols;
20 aliphatic aldehydes; 16 aliphatic ketones; four aliphatic esters; five aliphatic acids; 10 heterocyclic compounds (furans, pyrroles, and pyrazines); 18 terpenes and related compounds; 14 aromatic compounds; five nitriles; and two sulfur containing compounds. The main components of wheat extract were 5-hexenenitrile (5.51 ppm), phytol (4.62 ppm), phenyl acetonitrile (4.39 ppm), 4-pentennitrile (4.36 ppm), (E)-b-ionone (3.40 ppm), 5,6-epoxy-b-ionone (2.21ppm), and b-cyclocitral (1.83 ppm).
Headspace-SPME Analysis of the Sapwood and Heartwood of Picea Abies, Pinus Sylvestris and Larix Decidua (pg. 125)
Anna Wajs*, Andrey Pranovich, Markku Reunanen, Stefan Willför and Bjarne Holmbom
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with GC and GC/MS was used for analysis of the wood volatiles of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.). More than 160 compounds were extracted and identified from spruce, pine, and larch stemwood. Differences in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the volatiles from the different conifer species were found. The volatile composition was specific for each species. Only small differences in the volatiles from different wood tissues, i.e. sapwood and
heartwood, were found.
The Essential Oils of Mosiera ehrenbergii (O. Berg) Landrum (Myrtaceae) Originally from Mexico and M. longipes (O. Berg) Small from Florida (pg 1)
By Arthur O. Tucker, Michael J. Maciarello, Andrew Salywon and Leslie R. Landrum
Abstract: Essential oils of fragrant Mosiera ehrenbergii (O. Berg) Landrum (Myrtaceae), collected in Arizona from Mexican seed, and M. longipes (O. Berg) Small, collected in Florida, were examined by GC/MS/FID. Thirty-eight constituents were identified with dominant components of limonene (51.6±0.7%) and α-pinene (33.6±2.4%) in M. ehrenbergii and limonene (47.8±2.5%) in M. longipes. Key Word Index: Mosiera ehrenbergii, Mosiera longipes, Myrtaceae, essential oil composition, limonene, α-pinene.
Effects of Processing on the Flavor Compounds of Indian Fresh Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) (105)
A. Nirmala Menon,* K.P.Padmakumari, B.Sankari Kutty, M.A.Sumathikutty, M.M.Sreekumar and C. Arumugham
The original aroma compounds responsible for the fresh ginger flavor were isolated by Amberlite XAD-2 chromatography. Ginger oil was isolated by hydrodistillation from fresh ginger. Fresh ginger was dried and the oil was isolated by hydrodistillation from dry ginger (sun-dried and drier-dried). The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. It was
found that geranial (24.2%) and zingerone (14.2%) were the major compounds in the original aroma of fresh ginger and their contents decreased during processing. It was observed that the hydrocarbon content of the oil increased and the oxygenated compounds decreased as ginger was processed into dry ginger and ginger oil.
Chemotypes in Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) (101)
J.D. Gbenou, M. Moudachirou, Jean-Claude Chalchat* and Gilles Figuérédo
Forty compounds have been characterized by GC and GC/MS and relative retention times in 300 samples of
Niaouli (Melaleuca quinquenervia) oils collected on 75 different trees during four seasons. Twenty-one compounds
were submitted to multivariate statistical analyses using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Factorial Discriminant
Analysis (FDA) revealed the presence of three chemotypes. Chemotype I is already known (1,8-cineole; 50%), chemotype
II had an equal content in 1,8-cineole (33%) and viridiflorol (32%). The third (chemotype III) was characterized
by a high content in viridiflorol (50%). The 1,8-cineole chemotype represented 58% of three populations. Seasonal
differentiation does not occur, showing that Niaouli oil composition is stable all year.
Composition of a Historical Rose Oil Sample (Rosa damascena Mill., Rosaceae) (110)
Ali Almasirad, Yaghoob Amanzadeh and Ali Taheri and Mehrdad Iranshahi
Composition of a historical rose oil sample was investigated by GC and GC/MS. Forty-five components representing
95.5% composition of the essential oil were identified. The main components of this oil were citronellol (25.1%), geraniol (11.8%) and nonadecane (13.4%). The composition of the oil was compared with those of Turkish and Bulgarian rose oils and rose water.
Production of d-Limonene in Chitosan Elicited Citrus Japonica Suspension Cultures (113)
George Brian Lockwood, Supawan Bunrathep, Thanapat Songsak, Nijsiri Ruangrungsi
Callus and cell suspension cultures of Citrus japonica Thunb. were established from seedlings. Chitosan was used as an elicitor for improving d-limonene content in cell suspension cultures. The effect of chitosan concentrations on cell growth and d-limonene content was studied. The optimum concentration of chitosan for d-limonene production by C. japonica Thunb. was 200 mg/L which, yielded 42.5 mg/L d-limonene at 12 days. Moreover, at 15 days, α-terpineol,
a metabolite of d-limonene also reached the maximum content at 29.2 mg/L. At 21 days, both d-limonene and α-terpineol contents were 14.3 and 18.9 mg/L, respectively, which were increased 17 and 15 fold, respectively, higher than individual content without elicitation.
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