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November/December 2005
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Nitrogen Compounds from Haitian Vetiver Oil (591)
Robin A. Clery,* Christopher J. Hammond and Anthony C. Wright
Nitrogen containing compounds of vetiver oil, Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, have been investigated and 33 components
identifi ed by capillary GC and GC/MS. These include substituted pyridines, pyrazines and indolines; only four
of which have previously been reported as occurring in vetiver oil. Two compounds, tentatively identifi ed, are believed
to be previously unreported as natural, namely, isomers of trimethylindoline and isocyanato-methylbenzene.
A Study of the Mediterranean Oregano Populations. Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Origanum ehrenbergii Boiss. from Two Populations in Lebanon (593)
B. Pasquier, Gilles Figuérédo and Jean-Claude Chalchat*
Seedlings obtained from seeds of three populations of oregano (Origanum ehrenbergii) harvested in Lebanon
and sown at a research station in France were planted in three replicates in a Fischer block design. Oils produced by
water distillation were subjected to analysis by GC and GC/MS. The oils of one of the populations were uniform and
carvacrol-rich. The other population displayed a variable chemical composition, including thymol, thymol-carvacrol
and p-cymene/γ-terpinene chemotypes.
Comparison Between the Fresh and Dry Essential Oil of Helichrysum faradifani Scott Elliot from Madagascar (597)
Lantoniaina B. Ralijerson,* Delphin J.R. Rabehaja, Jean François Rajaonarison, Suzanne Ratsimamanga Urverg, Marie-France Hérent, Hélène Mavar-Manga and Bernard Tilquin
Essential oils of Helichrysum faradifani were isolated from fresh or dry plant parts by steam distillation with
yields from 0.1-0.8%. Analysis of the oils by GC and GC/MS enabled the identifi cation of 49 components, of which
α-fenchene (trace-27.3%), β-caryophyllene (14.8-29.2%) and β-himachalene (15.7-36.6%) were most predominant.
Essential Oil of Eaglewood Tree: a Product of Pathogenesis (601)
Piet Leclercq, Phatik Tamuli,* Paran Boruah and Subhan C. Nath
The essential oil of eaglewood tree (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) has been considered to be a pathological
product. An investigation was carried out to study the difference in composition of oils obtained from healthy, naturally
infected and artifi cially inoculated eaglewood using GC and GC/MS analyses. This investigation showed a marked
difference in the oil compositions among the treatments with regards to their quality. Valerianol (3.0%) and tetradecanioc
acid (7.1%) contents were recorded higher in the oils of naturally infected plants than in that of healthy ones
(0.1% and 6.9%, respectively). Pentadecenoic acid was totally absent in the oils of healthy, whereas it was found in a
greater amount (6.8%) in the oil of naturally infected plants. In contrast, dodecanoic acid (3.1%), pentadecanoic acid
(6.2%), hexadecanoic acid (31.5%) and octadecanoic acid (4.1%) were found in a higher amount in the oils of healthy
plants, while the oils obtained from naturally infected plants contained lower amounts of these components (2.5%,
4.8%, 20.0% and 1.0%, respectively). The oils obtained from the inoculated plants showed almost similar distribution
of the components with healthy plants.
Comparison of the Essential Oils of Three Endemic Turkish Heracleum Species Obtained by Different Isolation Techniques (605)
A. Duran, T. Özek,* G. Özek and K.H.C. Baser
The essential oils of three Turkish endemic Heracleum species, H. crenatifolium Boiss., H. platytaenium Boiss. and H.
sphondylium L. subsp. ternatum (Velen.) Brummitt were obtained using hydrodistillation (HD), microwave-assisted hydrodistillation
(MWHD), microdistillation (MD), micro steam distillation-solid-phase microextraction (MSD-SPME) techniques
and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Compositions of the oils isolated by different methods showed some differences. The
main components in all the oils were found to be octyl acetate (19-95%) and octanol (0.6-5.0%). Octyl isovalerate (0.8-6.4%)
and decyl acetate (0.5-4.3%) were the next most abundant constituents in the oil of H. crenatifolium. Octyl hexanoate (3.0-
4.7%), (Z)-4-octenyl acetate (1.6-2.1%), octanol (0.7-1.0%) and decanal (0.7-1.2%) were the next major constituents in the
oil of H. platytaenium. Octyl butyrate (34.6-41.0%), apiole (4.7-20.4%), (Z)-4-octenyl acetate (2.2-4.4%) and (Z)-4-octenyl
butyrate (2.6-3.0%) were found as other main constituents in the oil of H. sphondylium subsp. ternatum.
The Leaf Oils of the Australian Species of Decaspermum (Myrtaceae) (611)
Paul I. Forster, Joseph J. Brophy* and Robert J. Goldsack
The leaf oils of the two Australian species of Decaspermum have been examined by GC and GC/MS. The leaf oil
of D. struckoilicum contained α-pinene (37.5%) as its principal component in an oil that contained similar amounts of
mono- and sesquiterpenes. The major sesquiterpenes identifi ed in the oil were β-caryophyllene (2.4%), α-humulene
(2.2%) and α- and β-eudesmol (8.2% and 8.1%, respectively). Decaspermum humile produced a leaf oil that contained
either approximately equal amounts of mono- and sesquiterpenes or had a majority of the latter components. The
principal monoterpenes were α-thujene (0.1-13%) and α-pinene (0.2-21%). Other prominent monoterpenes identifi ed
were limonene (0.2-8%), myrcene (0.3-10%), β-phellandrene (0.1-5%), linalool (0.3-9%) and terpinen-4-ol (0.3-6%).
1,8-Cineole was usually absent from the oils. The main sesquiterpenes identifi ed in the oils were β-caryophyllene
(0.7-5%), aromadendrene (1-6%), viridifl orene (1-7%), δ-cadinene (0.4-14%), bicyclogermacrene (0.2-10%), globulol
(1-9%) and in some collections 7-epi-α-selinene (trace-9%).
Effects of Edaphoclimatic Conditions on Thymus hyemalis L. Essential Oil Yield and Composition (614)
Rosa M. Martínez, María J. Jordán,* M. Quílez and José A. Sotomayor
Thymus hyemalis Lange shrubs were grown in two different cultivation areas of the region of Murcia (southeast
Spain) in order to determine how edaphoclimatic conditions affect the essential oil yield and chemical composition
of this thyme species. Results showed that no statistically signifi cant differences were detected among essential oil
yields. However, chromatographic analysis of the oils by GC and GC/MS reported that, from a total of 101 volatile
components identifi ed, statistically signifi cant differences among concentrations of several volatile components existed.
At the qualitative level, oils from La Paca cultivation area (690 m above sea level) showed a volatile profi le rich
in low molecular weight components and phenolic compounds when compared to those obtained from Torre Blanca
cultivation area (30 m above sea level).
Composition of the Essential Oil from Nuphar pumilum (Timm.) DC. Growing in Russia (619)
Mitsuo Myazawa,* Jyunichi Kawata and Chikako Yamafuji
The composition of the essential oils from rootstock of Nuphar pumilum has been investigated by capillary GC
and GC/MS. In the case of the essential oils of N. pumilum, two chemotypes, Type A (Takasago Yakugyou) and Type
B (Yamada Yakkyoku), were observed relative to their contents of elemental sulfur. Type A contained 51 components
of which 16.1% were elemental sulfur (S6, S7, S8). The main components were cyclo-S8 (13.0%), methyl palmitate
(10.1%), methyl linoleate (10.1%), paeonol (7.3%) and β-eudesmol (6.2%). Type B contained 77 components of
which 0.6% was elemental sulfur (S8). The main components were paeonol (32.5%), eugenol (4.9%), menthol (3.6%),
furfural (3.2%) and β-eudesmol (2.6%).
Composition of the Leaf Oil of Xylopia emarginata Mart. (Annonaceae) (622)
João Henrique G. Lago*, Anair A. Reis, Dirceu Martins, Frederico G. Cruz and Nídia F. Roque
The leaves of Xylopia emarginata were submitted to steam distillation. The obtained essential oil was subjected
to analysis by GC and GC/MS associated to 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral analysis, after chromatographic separation.
The major identifi ed components were spathulenol (34.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (25.0%).
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from Rhizomes of Rhodiola rosea L. Grown in Finland (628)
Éva B. Héthelyi, Kornél Korány, Bertalan Galambosi, János Domokos and János Pálinkás
The essential oil of Rhodiola rosea L., from rhizomes cultivated in Finland was analyzed by GC and GC/MS methods
in Hungary. The air-dried rhizomes contained 0.04% essential oil. Thirteen components which were characterized
in the oil were mainly monoterpenoid (84.3%). Myrtenol (36.9%), trans-pinocarveol (16.1%), geraniol (12.7%) and
dihydrocumin alcohol (12.1%) were the most abundant volatiles detected in the oil. Myrtenol, geraniol and linalool
were identifi ed as the most important rose-like odor compounds which is important to give a pleasant rose-like scent
to these Nordic rhizomes.
Essential Oils of Phlomis persica Boiss. and Phlomis olivieri Benth. from Iran (624)
Shiva Masoudi, Mahmoud Tajbakhsh, Mohammad A. Khalilzadeh and Abdolhossein Rustaiyan*
The water-distilled essential oils from aerial parts of Phlomis persica Boiss. and Phlomis olivieri Benth., which
are endemic to Iran, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oil of P. persica was found to contain germacrene D
(38.2%), bicyclogermacrene (16.3%) and α-pinene (13.3%) as major constituents. The oil of P. oliveri was characterized
also by higher amount of germacrene D (26.4%) and bicyclogermacrene (12.7%). Both oils consisted mainly of
sesquiterpene hydrocarbons.
Variation on the Chemical Composition of the Oil from Damaged Branches of Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer (Meliaceae) (626)
Cecília V. Nuñez, João Henrique G. Lago*, Nídia F. Roque
The damaged branches of one specimen of Guarea guidonia, which had been blown down after a high wind, were
submitted to steam distillation. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The chromatographic profi le indicated a
difference in the composition of this oil in comparison to an oil obtained from healthy-branch oil analyzed previously.
The crude oil was thus submitted to chromatographic separation, and the main components identifi ed by NMR and
GC/MS.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from Rhizomes of Rhodiola rosea L. Grown in Finland (628)
Éva B. Héthelyi, Kornél Korány, Bertalan Galambosi, János Domokos and János Pálinkás
The essential oil of Rhodiola rosea L., from rhizomes cultivated in Finland was analyzed by GC and GC/MS methods
in Hungary. The air-dried rhizomes contained 0.04% essential oil. Thirteen components which were characterized
in the oil were mainly monoterpenoid (84.3%). Myrtenol (36.9%), trans-pinocarveol (16.1%), geraniol (12.7%) and
dihydrocumin alcohol (12.1%) were the most abundant volatiles detected in the oil. Myrtenol, geraniol and linalool
were identifi ed as the most important rose-like odor compounds which is important to give a pleasant rose-like scent
to these Nordic rhizomes.
The Essential Oil of Cynanchum paniculatum (Bge.) Kitag (Asclepiadaceae) (630)
Feng Zhang, Shaoping Fu, Qing Xu, Xi Zhang, Hongbin Xiao and Xinmiao Liang*
Cynanchum paniculatum (Bge.) Kitag (Asclepiadaceae) is a medicinal plant from China. The essential oil of the
leaves and roots was isolated and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Eight and nine compounds were identifi ed in
the oil from leaves and roots, respectively. The predominant component found in both oils was paeonol (78.2% and
86.3%). The most striking difference among the oil samples was the presence of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetone in the
leaf oil. The leaf oil yield was 0.5% (w/w) and the root oil yield was 1.1% (w/w).
Essential Oils of Bidens tripartita L. (632)
Monika Tomczykowa*, Jan Gudej, Teresa Majda and Józef Góra
Essential oils were obtained from fresh aerial parts and air dried fl ower heads of Bidens tripartita L. (Asteraceae).
Volatile constituents of the oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS methods. The 77 components were
identifi ed representing 98.5% and 80.9% of the total components detected, respectively. The major constituents
of the oil of fl ower heads were p-cymene (16.6%), β-caryophyllene oxide (6.0%) and humulene epoxide II
(5.3%). The main constituents of the oil of fresh herb were allo-ocimene (38.3%), (Z)-β-ocimene (30.6%) and
α-phellandrene (8.5%).
Chemical Screening of Essential Oil Bearing Flora of Siberia. VII. Composition of the Essential Oil of Kadenia dubia (Schkuhr) Lavrova et V.N.Tichom. from Altai Region (636)
Alexey V. Tkachev, Elena A. Korolyuk, Wudeneh Letchamo*
Distillation of the fl owering tops of Kadenia dubia (Schkuhr) Lavrova et V.N.Tichom., from Altai Region for 3 h
yielded 0.03% aromatic, mobile light yellowish-green oil. By analyzing the oil samples using GC and GC/MS, we found
that the major components were α-pinene (24.5%), (E)-β-ocimene (16.1%), limonene + β-phellandrene (10.9%),
(Z)-ocimene (6.6%), myrcene (5.0%) and β-selinene (5.0%).
A Study of the Mediterranean Oregano Populations: Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Origanum cordifolium Monbret et Aucher from Two Populations in Cyprus (638)
Bernard Pasquier, Gilles Figuérédo and Jean-Claude Chalchat*
The seeds of two populations of oregano (O. cordifolium) harvested in Cyprus were sown at a research station in
France. The resulting plants were planted in triplicate in a Fischer block design. The oils, which were produced by
hydrodistillation, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oils were found to be rich in α-terpineol (45.9-55.7%) of
homogeneous composition irrespective of their origin or replicate.
The Essential Oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Algeria (642)
Mohammed Bellatreche, El-Hadi Benyoussef*, Stoyka Charchari, Nazli Nacer-Bey, Nabila Yahiaoui and Abdeslam Chakou
The essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus L. leaves from two Algerian populations have been analyzed by GC and
GC/MS. Approximately 95% of the components were identifi ed among which terpinen-4-ol (17.3-34.7%), α-terpineol
(10.4-11.0%) and germacrene D (8.4-15.8%) were the major constituents.
The Composition of Dalea formosa Oil Determined by Steam Distillation and Solid-Phase Microextraction (645)
Mary E. Lucero,* Rick E. Estell and Ruth L. Sedillo
Dalea formosa Torr. (feather dalea, featherplume) was collected from the Jornada Experimental Range in south
central New Mexico. Current year’s growth was collected from 10 plants, all found within an approximate 50 m radius
of the GPS coordinates N32°40.645’ and W106°33.601’ during July 2001. Composite samples of the plants were steam
distilled in triplicate, and the composite oil was analyzed using both GC-FID and GC/MS. The volatile composition
of plants collected from the same site was also examined using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with a 100 μm
polydimethylsiloxane fi ber. Mass spectra and retention indices were used to identify 58 previously described compounds.
The retention index and EI mass spectra are provided for one unknown. The most abundant constituents of the oil
were α-pinene (31.7%), camphene (8.4%) and limonene (8.1%). In contrast, α-pinene (33.6%), β-pinene (13.2%)
and camphene (11.1%) were the most abundant constituents of the SPME samples. This difference in composition
may be due to either sampling technique or harvesting time.
Aromatic Plants from Western Cuba. III. Composition of the Leaf Oils of Lippia strigulosa (Mart. et Gal.) Mold. and Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb. (648)
Rolando Marbot, Jorge A. Pino*, Armando Payo, Daniel Chao and Pedro Herrera
The chemical composition of the leaf oils of Lippia strigulosa (Mart. et Gal.) Mold. and Nectandra coriacea (Sw.)
Griseb. were studied by GC and GC/MS. Eighty-two compounds of the oil of L. strigulosa were identifi ed of which
spathulenol (19.4%) was the major constituent. In the oil of N. coriacea, 87 compounds were identifi ed of which
valerianol (16.7%) and γ-eudesmol (12.3%) were the major components.
Origanum bastetanum Soc. Cultivated Specimens: Characterization of Its Essential Oil (651)
Pilar Pérez-Galindo, José Jiménez, Concepción Navarro*, Armando Martínez-Raya and José Ramón Francia
Through a combination of GC and GC/MS, we studied the Origanum bastetanum Soc. essential oil obtained from
the aerial parts submitted to three different cut-off heights of three-year-old plants, established from micropropagated
specimens. Over 80 components were identifi ed, the major ones, in all cases, being γ-terpinene (32.0-37.0%), thymol
(29.5-31.6%), p-cymene (7.0-8.8%) and β-caryophyllene (5.0-6.9%). Therefore, this Spanish Origanum species can be
classifi ed as belonging to the terpenphenolic oregano group, in contrast to the wild specimens, the main component
of which is cis-sabinene hydrate (cis-thujanol).
Volatile Constituents in Oil from Different Plant Parts of Methyl Eugenol-Rich Ocimum tenuifl orum L.f. (syn. O. sanctum L.) Grown in South India (656)
S. Ramesh, S.K. Kothari, A.K. Bhattacharya, S.N. Garg* and S.P.S. Khanuja
Ocimum tenuifl orum L.f. (syn. O. sanctum L.) (Lamiaceae) is an indigenous ayurvedic medicinal plant of India
and is popularly known as holy basil/sacred basil. Oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves, stems, infl orescence
and whole herb were analyzed by GC and GC/MS and retention indices. Methyl eugenol was the major constituent
of all the oils (72.5%, 75.3%, 83.7% and 65.2% in oils from whole herb, leaf, stem and infl orescence, respectively).
β-Caryophyllene was the second most dominant constituent and the respective concentration in each oil (5.5%, 6.4%,
2.7% and 12.0%).
Analysis of the Volatile Constituents of Asian Hypericum L. (Clusiaceae, Hyperidoideae) Species (659)
Betul Demirci, K. Husnu Can Baser, Sara L. Crockett, Ikhlas A. Khan*
Of the 57 species of the economically important genus Hypericum (St. John’s Wort; Clusiaceae) occurring in
China, only a small percentage have been previously phytochemically investigated. As part of our continuing research
on the phytochemistry of Hypericum, the chemical compositions of volatiles isolated from 12 Chinese species were
determined. Volatile constituents were isolated by microdistillation of dried and ground aerial material from fl owering
plants and subsequently analyzed by GC/MS. The major component(s) were identifi ed as follows: ar-curcumene
(12.6%) and β-selinene (16.3%) in H. acmosepalum; γ-muurolene (11.3%), β-selinene (16.3%) and caryophyllene oxide
(18.7%) in H. beanii; α-terpineol (11.5%) and β-pinene (29.2%) in H. calycinum; cis-eudesma-6,11-diene (11.4%)
in H. choisyanum; α-pinene (10.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (12.7%) in H. forrestii; cis-β-guiaene (10.7%) and γ-
muurolene (12.4%) in H. kouytchense; β-selinene (11.4%) and eudesmadienone (10.8%) in H. lancasteri; cuparene
(24.8%) and γ-muurolene (16.8%) in H. leschenaultii; tricosane (13.3%) and myrcene (10.4%) in H. monogynum;
β-selinene (14.7%) in H. patulum; β-selinene (18.5%) in H. pseudohenryi; and γ-muurolene (10.7%) and δ-cadinene
(10.2%) in H. X moserianum.
Composition of Infl orescence and Leaf Essential Oils of Achillea millefolium L. with White, Pink and Deep Pink Flowers Growing Wild in Vilnius (Eastern Lithuania) (664)
Asta Judzentiene* and Danute Mockute
The wild Achillea millefolium L. with white, pink and deep pink fl owers were collected from the same locality.
Essential oils were produced by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents of the infl
orescence oils were β-pinene (13.1-19.3%), (E)-nerolidol (7.0-16.1%), piperitone (10.8%, deep pink infl orescences),
β-eudesmol (8.4%, white), β-caryophyllene (6.7%, pink) and these of leaf oils – β-eudesmol (12.8%, white fl owering
plant), borneol (10.7%, pink), piperitone (10.0%, deep pink), caryophyllene oxide (6.4-10.4%), selin-11-en-4α-ol (6.5-
7.5%) and spathulenol (6.1%, pink). The amounts of β-pinene decreased and (E)-nerolidol increased in the infl orescence
oils with intensity of yarrow fl owers color. The infl orescences with different colored fl owers produced markedly
higher amounts of sabinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene and (E)-nerolidol than
leaves. The above correlation was identifi ed for mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. An opposite correlation was
determined for spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, β-eudesmol, selin-11-en-4α-ol and oxygenated sesquiterpenes.
Fifty-two identifi ed compounds made up 93.0-96.6% of the infl orescence oils and 69.2-74.1% of leaf oils.
Bioactive Components of Mexican Oregano Oil as Affected by Moisture and Plant Maturity (668)
Ramon Silva Vazquez and Nurhan T. Dunford*
The effect of moisture and plant growth on Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens HBK) essential oil composition
was examined in fi eld trials. Essential oil content of dry oregano leaves was about 2% (w/w). Thymol and carvacrol
were the major components in the oil fraction and plant maturity had a signifi cant effect on oil composition. However,
moisture effect and plant growth phase/moisture interaction were not signifi cant. Examination of the oil composition
of samples collected from three cultivated and one wild oregano type indicated that the oil obtained from wild plants
contained signifi cantly lower amount of 1,8-cineole and carvacrol than the cultivated types. The thymol content of
the wild variety was higher.
Valeriana wallichii DC, a New Chemotype from Northwestern Himalaya (672)
Chandra S. Mathela,* Mamta Tiwari, Subhash S. Sammal and Chandan S. Chanotiya
The major constituents of the oils from roots and rhizomes of Valeriana wallichii DC were separated and characterized
by GC, GC/MS and NMR (1H- and 13C-). The chemical compositions of the oils show two chemotypes within
Valeriana wallichii. The type-I was characterized by presence of maaliol (64.3%), viridifl orol (7.2%) and sesquiterpene
hydrocarbons (19.2%). The type-II contained patchouli alcohol (40.2%), viridifl orol (5.2%), 8-acetoxy-patchouli alcohol
(4.5%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (34.5%). Viridifl orol and 8-acetoxy-patchouli alcohol have been isolated from
V. wallichii for the fi rst time. Since the V. wallichii is being commercially used even today in Nepal and India as a
substitute for V. offi cinalis, the sharp chemical differences among V. wallichii materials necessitates their identifi cation
before commercial exploitation for phytomedicines and fl avor chemicals.
Essential Oil Variation in Lippia glandulosa Schauer (676)
José Guilherme S. Maia, Milton Helio L. da Silva, Eloisa Helena A. Andrade and Léa Maria M. Carreira
The oils of 14 samples of Lippia glandulosa collected in the “Lavrado” area, Roraima state, North Brazil, were
obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Two chemical groups were characterized in the oils,
one which was rich in thymol (46.3-78.1%), and another containing β-caryophyllene (17.3-59.4%) as the major component.
In the fi rst group the compounds p-cymene (5.1-7.2%) and β-caryophyllene (4.1-9.2%) have been associated
to thymol in six of the analyzed oil samples. On the other hand, the second group showed variable association with
(E)-nerolidol (0.7-23.6%), trans-α-bergamotene (0.2-19.3%), α-alaskene (3.4-16.0%), α-pinene (1.2-7.8%), α-humulene
(2.6-6.0%), caryophyllene oxide (1.9-6.0%) and linalool (0.9-5.0%), in the other eight oil samples, justifying
the fi eld observation concerning the plant scent variability at the same collection site and the chemical composition
differentiation observed to L. glandulosa.
Identifi cation of trans-3-Methyl-4-Decanolide in Blood Orange Juice and Mandarin Peel (681)
Regula Naef* and Alain Velluz
trans-3-Methyl-4-decanolide has been identifi ed in blood orange juice and in a mandarin peel extract, the spectral
data and retention indices of the trans-3-methyl-4-decanolide and its cis-diastereoisomer are presented.
Astartea, a New Source of (+)-(1S,5R)-Myrtenal (683)
John Day, Robert F. Lowe, Michael F. Russell and Ian A. Southwell*
The leaf essential oils of Astartea leptophylla and Astartea sp. nov. were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Astartea
leptophylla contained α-pinene (52.1%), linalool (4.1%), myrtenol (0.7%) and (+)-myrtenal (9.8%). Major components
in the Astartea sp. nov. oil were α-pinene (18.1%), linalool (11.3%), myrtenol (6.3%), and (+)-myrtenal (26.2%). GC
of the ethanol extracts of the leaves showed a similar monoterpenoid profi le to the oils. A higher extract concentration
of cyclodecadienes was further evidence for the rearrangement of germacrene D and bicyclogermacrene to
cadinene, aromadendrene, elemene and other cyclosesquiterpene derivatives. The hydrosols from both species were
also analyzed. Oil yields and component concentrations indicated that Astartea, especially Astartea sp. nov., could
become a commercial source of (+)-(1S,5R)-myrtenal.
Antimicrobially Active Terpenes Cause K+ Leakage in E. coli Cells (686)
Shane G. Griffi n*, S. Grant Wyllie and Julie L. Markham
The known antimicrobially active oxygenated terpenes, carvone, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, carveol and myrtenol
were found to cause signifi cant K+ leakage from E. coli cells. In contrast, the relatively inactive oxygenated terpenes,
1,8-cineole and p-menth-6-ene-2,8-diol, did not cause signifi cant K+ leakage. Slight structural differences between
active terpenes were found to affect the rate of K+ leakage from E. coli cells. The membrane permeabilizing effect
of the active terpenes is considered a signifi cant factor in their antimicrobial activity.
Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oils of Semenovia dichotoma (Boiss.) Manden., Johreniopsis seseldoides (C.A> Mey) M Pimen. and Bunium cylindricum (Boiss. et Hohen.) Drude., Three Umbelliferae Herbs Growing Wild in Iran (691)
Shiva Masoudi, Aazam Monfared, Abdolhossein Rustaiyan*, and Firoozeh Chalabian
A comparison of the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oils obtained from the aerial
parts of Semenovia dichotoma (Boiss.) Manden. (which is endemic to Iran), Johreniopsis seseloides (C.A.Mey.) M.Pimen.,
and Bunium cylindricum (Boiss. et Hohen.) Drude were carried out. The oils were obtained by water-distillation and
were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Caryophyllene oxide (25.5%) and β-pinene (10.9%) were the main components
in the oil of S. dichotoma. The oil of J. seseloides was found to contain β-pinene (14.9%) and germacrene D (11.1%)
as the major constituents. The major components found in the oil of B. cylindricum were myristicin (43.1%), β-phellandrene
(20.0%), β-pinene (15.6%) and α-pinene (10.7%). Antibacterial activity was determined by measurement
of growth inhibitory zone.
Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antimutagenic Activities of Essential Oil from (Tunisian) Cyperus rotundus (695)
Leila Chekir-Ghedira*, Imed Chraief and Mohamed Hammami, Soumaya Kilani, Afef Abdelwahed, Ribai Ben Ammar, Nawel Hayder and Kamel Ghedira
Essential oil from the tubers of Cyperus rotundus, obtained by steam distillation, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS.
In total, 33 compounds were identifi ed. The oil was characterized by its high content of sesquiterpenes with cyperene
(30.9%) being major. The antibacterial activity of oil from tubers of Cyperus rotundus, showed more important activity
against Gram-positive bacteria specially Staphylococcus aureus than Gram-negative bacteria. The antimutagenic
activity was tested by the “SOS Chromotest” and the “Ames” test. C. rotundus oil acted as an antimutagen against
Afl atoxin B1 in both Salmonella strains (TA100 and TA98) and Escherichia coli strain (PQ37) and against nifuroxazide
in Escherichia coli strain (PQ37), where its mutagenicity is not expressed. The highest rates of AFB1 mutagenesis
inhibition tested by Ames assay, ranged from about 82.56% for TA100 strain to 85.47% for TA98 strain at the same
dose of 50 μg AFB1 per plate. Whereas, the mutagenic effect of respectively nifuroxazide and AFB1 (50 μg/assay)
were reduced by aproximately 58.19% and 81.67% when tested by the SOS chromotest assay.
Chemical Composition and Microbial Activity of the Essential Oil of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi sp. nepeta var. subisodonda (Borb.) Hayek from Serbia (701)
Dusanka Kitic*, Gordana Stojanovic, Radosav Palic and Vladimir Randjelovic
An oil of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi ssp. nepeta var. subisodonda (Borb.) Hayek obtained by hydrodistillation
was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Eleven constituents were identifi ed (96.5%). The main constituents in the oil were
pulegone (75.5%), piperitenone oxide (6.0%), menthone (5.3%) and menthol (4.3%). The microbial activity of the
oil was screened against Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus
subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was found that all mentioned microorganisms were sensitive to the oil.
Composition and Phytotoxic Activity of Nepeta pannonica L. Essential Oil (704)
Mozaina Kobaisy,* Mario R. Tellez, Franck E. Dayan, Leonid K. Mamonov and Gaukhar S. Mukanova, Gulnara T. Sitpaeva and Nadejda G. Gemejieva
The chemical composition of the essential oil of the aerial part of Nepeta pannonica L. from Kazakhstan was
investigated by GC and GC/MS. Sixty components were characterized from N. pannonica with 1,8-cineole (28.9%),
and 4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone (14.3%) as the major constituents. The oil of N. pannonica was more phytotoxic to
bentgrass compared to lettuce seeds, with 100% growth inhibition observed at 0.3, and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively.
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