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May/June 2005
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Essential Oils of Ferula microcolea (Boiss.) Boiss. and Ferula hirtella Boiss from Iran (237)
Mohssen Bigdeli, Shiva Masoudi, Mohammad Reza Akhgar and Abdolhossein Rustaiyan*
The oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of F. microcolea (Boiss.) Boiss., which is endemic to Iran,
and F. hirtella Boiss. were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty compounds representing 88.9% of the oil of F. mictocolea
were identifi ed, among them α-pinene (19.2%), nonane (13.2%) and β-pinene (13.0%) were the major ones.
The oil of F. hirtella was also characterized by higher amounts of α-pinene (15.4%) and thymol (14.9%) among the
35 components comprising 84.8% of the total oil detected.
Essential Oil Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Ageratum conyzoides from S. Tomé and Príncipe (239)
Ana Paula Martins, Lígia R. Salgueiro*, Maria José Gonçalves, Roser Vila, Salvador Cañigueral, Félix Tomi and Joseph Casanova
The essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides from S. Tomé and Príncipe was investigated for the fi rst time. The oil
was obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts, and subsequently analyzed by GC, GC/MS and 13C-NMR. The
oil was characterized by the presence of high percentages of precocene I (34.4%) and β-caryophyllene (24.6%), as
well as small amounts of precocene II. Using the disk diffusion method, the oil of A. conyzoides showed weak activity
against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Proteus vulgaris and Cladosporium cladosporioides,
and was inactive against Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus niger and
A. fumigatus.
Volatile Constituents of Xanthogalum purpurascens Ave-Lall., Eryngium caeruleum M.B. and Pimpinella aurea DC. Three Umbelliferae Herbs Growing in Iran (243)
Farah Assadian, Shiva Masoudi, Fereshteh Nematollahi, Abdolhossein Rustaiyan*, Kambiz Larijani and Hefzollah Mazloomifar
The composition of the essential oils from three Iranian Umbelliferae species of Xanthogalum purpurascens Ave-Lall.,
Eryngium caeruleum MB and Pimpinella aurea DC. obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC and GC/MS.
β-Phellandrene (20.1%) and β-caryophyllene (11.3%) were the main components among the 26 constituents
characterized in the oil of X. purpurascens representing 83.0% of the total components detected. Twenty compounds
were identifi ed in the oil of E. caeruleum, representing 96.4% of the total oil with limonene (60.5%) and δ-3-carene
(13.0%) as major constituents. The oil of P. aurea was characterized by higher amounts of trans-α-bergamotene
(72.8%) among the 18 components comprising the total oil detected.
Seasonal Variation in the Essential Oil of Strobilanthus ixiocephala Benth. (246)
R.B. Agarwal and V.D. Rangari*
The chemical composition of the essential oil of Strobilanthus ixiocephala Benth. was determined by GC/MS
analysis. The oil obtained from fresh fl owering tops of 1st year and 2nd consecutive year was found to possess compositional
differences in the percentage of chemical constituents. The GC-mass data of the oil revealed the presence of
a new sesquiterpene alcohol ixiocephol (23.4%) and T-cadinol (17.6%). Among the other constituents β-caryophyllene
(6.6%) and α-fenchyl acetate (2.2%) were also detected. The second year’s oil also contained ixiocephol (3.9%)
and T-cadinol (23.1%) along with β-caryophyllene (16%) and α-fenchyl acetate (24.7%) which differed drastically as
compared to fi rst year’s oil of S. ixiocephala.
Essential Oil Composition of Chaerophyllum macrospermum from Iran (249)
F. Sefi dkon*, M. Abdoli
The essential oil isolated by water and steam distillation from aerial parts of Chaerophyllum macrospermum
(Spreng.) Fisch et C. A. Mey. was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Among the 27 compounds identifi ed, the
major components were (E)-β-ocimene (55.9%), terpinolene (9.8%), α-pinene (7.5%), β-phellandrene (4.3%) and
β-pinene (4.2%).
Essential Oil from the Leaves of Piper augustum from "Alberto M. Brenes" Biological Preserve, Costa Rica (251)
José F. Cicció*
The composition of the leaf oil of Piper augustum Rudge from Costa Rica was analyzed by capillary GC/MS. Sixtynine
compounds were identifi ed corresponding to ca. 97% of the oil. The major components were α-phellandrene
(14.7%), β-caryophyllene (13.5%), limonene (13.0%), α-pinene (10.5%) and linalool (10.3%).
Chemical Variation in the Oil of Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte of French Origin Harvested at a Vegetative State and During Flowering (354)
Jean-Marie Bessiere, Fabien Juteau, Véronique Masotti* and Josette Viano
Artemisia verlotiorum essential oils, obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts collected in southern France, were
analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Among the identifi ed constituents, α-thujone (55% and 44%), 1,8-cineole (5% and 15%),
β-caryophyllene (13% and 7%) and β-thujone (5% and 11%), were the main components of the oils, from the vegetative
and fl owering plants, respectively. The proportions of the oxygenated compounds seemed to increase during fl owering.
Composition of the Leaf Oil of Annona squamosa L. from the North Indian Plains (257)
S.N. Garg* and Deepti Gupta
The essential oil, which was produced by hydrodistillation of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) leaves was investigated
by GC and GC/MS. Eighteen compounds have been identifi ed accounting for 86% of the oil. The oil of A.
squamosa was made up of monoterpene hydrocarbons (2.5%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (76.0%) and oxygenated
sesquiterpenes (7.1%). β-Caryophyllene (23.0%), germacrene D (21.3%), bicyclogermacrene (8.5%) and β-elemene
(7.8%) were the major constituents of the oil.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Plectranthus melissoides Benth. (259)
G.R. Mallavarapu*, S. Ramesh, N. Mengi and A. Kalra
The essential oil of Plectranthus melissoides Benth. collected from wild plants growing in Uttaranchal State in
India was investigated for its chemical composition by GC and GC/MS. Fifty-four components of the oil, representing
99.3% of the oil were identifi ed. The oil was found to contain mostly monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated
monoterpenes. The main components of the oil were p-cymene (17.4%), γ-terpinene (10.1%), methyl thymol (3.0%),
thymol (7.9%), carvacrol (41.3%) and carvacrol acetate (4.6%).
Chemical Composition and in vitro Antifungal Properties of Essential Oils from Leaves and Flowers of Erigeron floribundus (H.B. et K.) Sch. Bip. from Cameroon (261)
Jacob Foko, Paul-Henri Amvam Zollo, Jean Marie Bessiere, Chantal Menut, Jules-Roger Kuiate* and Annette Amfo Tsona
The chemical composition of the essential oils from leaves and fl owers of Erigeron fl oribundus (H.B. et K.) Sch.
Bip. from Cameroon was investigated by GC and GC/MS and their antifungal activities evaluated by the agar dilution
method. The leaf oil was rich in (E)-2-lachnophyllum ester (23.7-26.2%), β-caryophyllene (14.7-16.6%), (E)-β-farnesene
(14.6-16.4%) and limonene (8.5-11.4%). The fl ower oil contained mainly (E)-β-farnesene (22.3-21.1%), β-caryophyllene
(17.3-20.1%) and germacrene D (10.1-11.0%). These oils exhibited broad antifungal activities against Trichophyton
rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. The fl ower oil was found to
be more active than the leaf oil. Candida albicans was the most sensitive fungus with a MIC of 2.25 μL/mL.
Chemical Composition of Rose Water Volatiles (265)
S.G. Agarwal,* Aruna Gupta, B.K. Kapahi, Baleshwar, R.K. Thappa and O.P. Suri
A volatile concentrate obtained from rose water (ex. Rosa damascena fl owers) by liquid-liquid extraction with
dichloromethane was studied by GC and GC/MS. The volatiles consisted mainly of 2-phenylethanol (69.7-81.6%),
linalool (1.5-3.3%), citronellol (1.8-7.2%), nerol (0.2-4.2%), geraniol (0.9-7.0%) along with rose oxides and all other
characteristic minor rose compounds.
Composition of the Essential Oil of Nepeta curviflora Boiss. (Lamiaceae) from Lebanon (268)
Franco Piozzi, Nelly Apostolides Arnold, Felice Senatore
The essential oil of Nepeta curvifl ora Boiss. (Lamiaceae) grown in Lebanon, obtained by hydrodistillation of aerial
parts, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-fi ve compounds were identifi ed constituting 93.2% of the oil, the major
components being β-caryophyllene (50.2%), caryophyllene oxide (6.4%) and (E)-β-farnesene (5.3%).
Analysis of the Essential Oil from Leaves of Three Different Specimens of Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer (Meliaceae) (271)
Nídia F. Roque, João Henrique G. Lago*, Cláudia B. Brochini
The essential oils from leaves of three different specimens of Guarea guidonia were obtained by hydrodistillation.
These crude oils were subjected to FID-GC and GC/MS analysis as well as to adsorption chromatographic separations.
Several sesquiterpenes were identifi ed including hydrocarbon and oxygenated derivatives. The data indicated
a signifi cant difference in the chemical composition of the oils obtained from the leaves of different specimens. Furthermore,
this analysis corroborated the hypothesis that Guarea species do not produce monoterpenes.
The Essential Oil of Salvia aethiopis L. (274)
Mohammad Azadbakht, Katayoun Morteza-Semnani* and Afsaneh Goodarzi
The essential oil of Salvia aethiopis L. (Labiatae) collected from the suburb of Sari, north of Iran, in March 2001,
was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by means of GC and GC/MS. Among the 28 components identifi ed in
this oil, β-caryophyllene (17.0%), α-copaene (16.3%), germacrene D (13.8%), β-cubebene (9.7%), spathulenol (8.3%),
δ-cadinene (7.7%) and α-humulene (6.9%) were found to be the major constituents.
Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Vitex diversifolia Bak. from Burkina Faso (276)
Faustin S. Sib, André Bélanger, Roger H. Ch. Nébié* and Rigobert T. Yaméogo
The essential oils, obtained by steam distillation of air-dried leaves of Vitex diversifolia Bak. (Verbenaceae) growing
in Burkina Faso was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-three components making up 97% of the oils were identifi ed.
The oils were found to contain limonene (74.2%) as major component.
Aromatic Plants from Western Cuba. I. Composition of Leaf Oil of Gymnanthes lucida Sw. and Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug et Urban (278)
Jorge A. Pino, Rolando Marbot, M. Pilar Martí, Armando Payo, Daniel Chao and Pedro Herrera
The chemical composition of the leaf oils of Gymnanthes lucida Sw. and Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug et Urb.
were studied by GC and GC/MS. Ninety-nine compounds of the oil of G. lucida were identifi ed of which spathulenol
(16.6%), methyl (E,E)-farnesoate (11.4%) and α-pinene (9.7%) were the major components. In the oil of E. rhombea,
92 compounds were identifi ed of which cubenol (12.6%), α-cadinol (12.5%), α-pinene (12.1%) and β-dihydroagarofuran
(10.2%) were the major components.
Constituents of the Leaf and Bark Oils of Cinnamomum subavenium Miq. (281 )
Ibrahim bin Jantan,* Kartiniwati Muhammad, Chun Chai Nee, Norsiha Ayop, Abu Said Ahmad, Siti Aishah Abu Bakar and Nor Azah Mohd Ali
The leaf and bark oils of Cinnamomum subavenium Miq. were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The oils
were found to possess some compositional similarities but considerable variation in the levels of each component.
The major components of the leaf oil were patchouli alcohol (27.7%) and benzyl benzoate (19.6%). Other compounds
that were present in appreciable amounts in the oil were β-selinene (7.2%), geraniol (3.6%) and linalool (2.9%). The
bark oil was characterized by the presence of higher concentrations of α-terpineol (9.7%) and linalool (7.5%) and
relatively lower amounts of patchouli alcohol (10.5%) and benzyl benzoate (0.5%).
Volatile Constituents of Eugenia mattossi Legr (Myrtaceae) (284)
Miriam A. Apel, Marcos Sobral, Elfrides E. S. Schapoval, Amélia T. Henriques*, Chantal Menut and Jean-Marie Bessiere
The volatile constituents of the fresh leaves of Eugenia mattosii (Myrtaceae) were isolated by hydrodistillation and
analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oil from this species showed that it comprised only sesquiterpenes: β-elemene (16.1%),
β-caryophyllene (12.4%), bicyclogermacrene (17.5%) and α-cadinol (11.2%), being the major components.
Volatile Constituents of Piperaceae from Santa Catarina, Brazil--Essential Oil Composition of Piper cernuum Vell. and Peperomia emarginella (Sw.) C. DC. (286)
Aluízio M. de Abreu, Inês Ma Costa Brighente, Eliane M. de Aguiar and Ricardo A. Rebelo*
The essential oil composition of two Piperaceae from the Itajaí Valley in Santa Catarina, Brazil, is described by
means of GC and GC/MS analysis. Piper cernuum provided an oil constituted mainly by α-pinene (2.5%), β-elemene
(2.6%), β-caryophyllene (4.4%), germacrene D (2.7%), β-dihydroagarofuran (31.0%), elemol (12.0%), 10-epi-γ-
eudesmol (13.0%) and β-eudesmol (2.6%). Twenty-eight compounds representing 87.8% of the oil were identifi ed.
Peperomia emarginella provided the most interesting oil due to its pleasant and intense odor, where limonene (29.0%)
and decanal (33.0%) accounted for 62.0% of the overall composition. Thirty-one compounds representing 94.4% of
the oil composition were identifi ed.
Constituents of the Essential Oils of the Leaves and Stem Bark of Cedrela mexicana L. Grown in Nigeria (289)
Nureni O. Olawore*, Kasali A. Adeleke, Isiaka A. Ogunwande and Olusegun Ekundayo
The pulverized samples of the leaves and stem bark of Cedrela mexicana L. were subjected to hydrodistillation and
the essential oils obtained were characterized by GC and GC/MS. Sesquiterpenes were the predominant components
in both oils. The major constituents found in the leaf oil were α-terpinyl acetate (30.0%) and β-caryophyllene (19.0%),
while the stem bark oil was dominated by spathulenol (14.1%), elemol (13.2%) and alismol (10.2%).
Advances in the Chemical Composition of Lavandula dentata L. Essential Oil from Algeria (292)
Leila Bousmaha, Fewzia Atik Bekkara, Felix Tomi and Joseph Casanova*
The essential oils obtained from two populations of Lavandula dentata L. from Algeria were examined by GC,
GC/MS and 13C-NMR. The oils were rich in β-pinene (6.0-26.0%) and 1,8-cineole (0.9-36.3%). The two oils exhibited
different compositions: cineole/β-pinene and β-pinene/trans-pinocarveol. Despite some variations of the contents of
the main components, the plant produced oil belonging to the same chemotype throughout its life cycle.
Studies of Mediterranean Oregano Population IV—Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Hybrids Origanum x majoricum Cambassedes from France, Origanum x intercedens Rechinger and Origanum x minoanum Davis from Turkey and Crete (296)
Gilles Figuérédo, Jean-Claude Chalchat*, Bernard Pasquier
Essential oils isolated by water distillation were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In Origanum x majoricum, 74 constituents
were identifi ed. The trans-sabinene hydrate and carvacrol were the most prominent compounds, followed
by sabinene, γ-terpinene and terpinen-4-ol. In O. x intercedens and O. x minoanum, 67 and 85 compounds were
identifi ed, respectively, with carvacrol predominating (75-80%) in both hybrids.
Mosquitocidal Activity of Leaf and Bark Essential Oils of Ceylon Cinnamomum zeylanicuma (301)
Indira S. Weerasinghe, Radhika Samarasekera* and Kosmulalage S. Kalhari
Mosquito control properties of essential oils of leaf and bark of Ceylon Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae)
and their eight compounds were investigated against Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles tessellatus and Aedes
aegypti. Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark oil showed good knock-down and mortality against A. tessellatus (LD50 0.33
μg/mL) and C. quinquefasciatus (LD50 0.66 μg/mL) than leaf oil (LD50 1.03 and 2.1 μg/mL). Cinnamaldehyde was
a major constituent of the bark oil and eugenol in the leaf oil. Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol both were more active
against C. quinquefasciatus, A. tessellatus and A. aegypti than the bark and leaf oil. Mosquitocidal activity of cinnamyl
acetate against three mosquito species was comparable to that of the Cinnamomum bark oil, whereas eugenyl
acetate was effective on A. tessellatus and C. quinquefasciatus. The other compounds showed less or no activity
against mosquitoes tested.
Essential Oil of Piper tuberculatum var. tuberculatum (Micq.) CDC Leaves (304)
Valdir Alves Facundo, Selene Maia de Morais
The essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the leaves of Piper tuberculatum var. tuberculatum was analyzed
using GC/MS. The major components found in the oil were β-caryophyllene (26.3%) and α-cadinol (13.7%).
The Rhizome Oil of Kaempferia rotunda Val. (306)
Hasnah M. Sirat,* Shajarahtunnur Jamil and Lee Wai Siew
The chemical composition of the rhizome oil of Kaempferia rotunda isolated by hydrodistillation was analyzed by
capillary GC and GC/MS. The main constituents found in the oil were pentadecane (25.4%), bornyl acetate (24.9%),
benzyl benzoate (15.3%) and camphor (12.1%).
GC/MS Analysis of Essential Oils of Needles and Twigs of Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Knight ex Forbes) Koch var. harringtonia (308)
John P. Bartley, Anju Mendiratta and Rameshwar Dayal
The essential oils of Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. harringtonia needles and twigs were isolated by hydrodistillation.
Fifteen compounds of each, representing 86.4% and 89.4% of the oils, respectively, were identifi ed by
GC/MS, while their GC/FID analyses indicated the presence of 17 compounds amounting to 86.5% and 89.5% of
the identifi ed components in each of the oils. The sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene (27.9-31.3%), α-humulene (11.4-
10.6%), germacrene D (9.5-13.0%), γ-cadinene (8.9-5.5%) and β-elemene (8.3-10.9%) were found to be the major
constituents in both the oils.
Volatile Oil Composition of Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon Muell. Arg. Leaves (310)
Miriam Anders Apel, Amélia T. Henriques, Melânia Lopes Cornélio, João Henrique G. Lago and Paulo Roberto H. Moreno*
The composition of the volatile oil from Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon Muell. Arg. leaves was investigated by GC,
GC/MS and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The oil was characterized by the presence of a high percentage of sesquiterpene
hydrocarbons (45.6%) and aliphatic compounds (35.9%). The major constituents were β-caryophyllene (14.3%),
bicyclogermacrene (14.2%) and nonadecanal (22.9%). Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (6.5%) and monoterpenes (6.4%)
were also identifi ed.
Essential Oils in the Leaves of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Clone UIT1 and NA33 (312)
Samuel Yap Kian Chee*, Sri Nurestri Abdul Malek and Nazaruddin Ramli
Essential oils of the leaves of two cocoa clones UIT1 and NA33 were investigated qualitatively by gas chromatography
(GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Twenty-four components of the oil obtained from
UIT1 leaf oil were identifi ed. These compounds were: four aldehydes, 13 alcohols, six ketones and one fatty acid.
Twenty compounds were identifi ed in the leaf oil of NA33: an aldehyde, nine alcohols, eight ketones and two fatty
acids. The above fi ndings show that genetic variations of the same species yield oils of differing compositions.
Chemical Screening of Essential Oil Bearing Flora of Siberia II. Composition of the Essential Oil of Schizonepeta annua (Pallas) Schischkin Leaves from Altai Region (314)
Wudeneh Letchamo*, Elena A. Korolyuk and Alexey V. Tkachev
The chemical composition of the leaf oil of Schizonepeta annua (Pallas, Schischkin) from Altai Region, Siberia,
which was obtained in 4.0% yield, was investigated by GC and GC/MS. The major components were thymol (48.1%),
γ-tepinene (18.1%), carvacrol (9.6 %) and p-cymene (9.0%).
Chemical Composition of Piper mikanianum Essential Oil (316)
Lourdes F. Leal, Obdulio G. Miguel, Rosi Z. Silva, Rosendo A. Yunes, Alberdan S. Santos, Valdir Cechinel-Filho*
The essential oil from Piper mikanianum was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. β-Vetivone (33.0%), (Z)-isoelemicin
(21.5%) and (E)-asarone (11.6%) were the major components in the oil. A few constituents of the oil not previously
characterized in this species were also identifi ed, including β-caryophyllene (4.6%), velarianol (3.8%) and nootkatone
(4.2%).
Leaf Oils of Two Cuban Asteraceae Species: Pluchea carolinensis Jacq. and Ambrosia hispida Pursh. (318)
Jorge A. Pino*, Rolando Marbot, M. Pilar Martí, Armando Payo, Daniel Chao and Pedro Herrera
The chemical composition of the leaf oils of Pluchea carolinensis Jacq. and Ambrosia hispida Pursh. were studied
by GC and GC/MS. One hundred and thirteen compounds of the oil of P. carolinensis were identifi ed of which juniper
camphor (37.6%) was the major component. In the oil of Ambrosia hispida, 84 were identifi ed of which borneol
(19.4%) and spathulenol (11.8%) were the major components.
Essential Oils Composition of Iranian Artemisia absinthium L. and Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit. (321)
Katayoun Morteza-Semnani*, Mohammad Akbarzadeh
The essential oils of Artemisia absinthium L. and Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit. (Compositae) collected from
the suburb of Behshar, northern Iran, in June 2002, were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by means of
GC and GC/MS. The major components of A. absinthium oil were β-thujone (35.1%), p-cymene (16.5%), β-pinene
(7.3%) and 7-ethyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dimethylazulene (5.5%). The major components of A. scoparia oil were camphor
(37.9%), 1,8-cineole (27.8%) and borneol (21.1%).
A Comparative Study of the Composition of the Leaf Oils of Three Litsea species from Borneo (323)
Fasihuddin bin Ahmad, Abu Said bin Ahmad, Ibrahim bin Jantan* and Bukhori Abu Bakar
The chemical components of the leaf oils of Litsea resinosa Bl., L. gracilipes Hook. f. and L. paludosa Koesterm. were
identifi ed by co-chromatography with authentic samples on two capillary columns of different polarity, GC/MS and linear
retention indices. The leaf oils were made up mainly of sesquiterpenoids. The oil of L. resinosa could be differentiated from
the other samples due to its high contents of bulnesol (14.9%), β-caryophyllene (10.2%), β-elemene (10.2%) and other
sesquiterpenoids. Ledene (9.0%) and aromadendrene (8.3%) were the major constituents in the leaf oil of L. gracilipes. Of
the Litsea oils studied, this oil contained the highest concentrations of monoterpenoids with p-menth-1-en-9-ol (1.4%) as
the major representative. The leaf oil of L. paludosa was found to possess some compositional similarities to the leaf oil of
L. gracilipes but it could be distinguished from the latter by the signifi cant presence of elemol (7.7%), γ-cadinene (2.9%),
γ-eudesmol (2.8%), selin-11-en-4α-ol (2.3%), α-cadinene (2.1%), palustrol (1.7%) and selina-3,7(11)-diene (1.1%).
Essential Oil Constituents of Leaves and Fruits of Pinus eldarica Medw. (327)
Suleiman Afsharypuor* and Farzaneh San’aty
The composition of the essential oils of leaves and fruits of Pinus eldarica Medw. was analyzed by GC and GC/
MS. The main constituents of the leaf oil were germacrene D (26.6%), β-caryophyllene (17.1%), α-pinene (11.8%),
β-pinene (7.9%), elemicin (4.3%) and α-humulene (4.2%). Major components of the fruit oil were β-caryophyllene
(34.0%), α-pinene (16.3%), longifolene (10.5%), α-humulene (6.4%), δ-3-carene (6.3%) and β-pinene (3.8%).
The Volatile Constituents of Nepeta elymatica Bornm. from Iran (329)
Davood Nori-Shargh*, Borzu Baharvand
The volatile constituents of the aerial parts of Nepeta elymatica Bornm. growing wild in Iran were examined
by GC/FID and GC/MS. Altogether, 21 compounds were identifi ed. The oil of N. elymatica consisted mainly of
4aβ,7a,7aα-nepetalactone (35.6%), 1,8-cineole (29.7%), β-pinene (5.5%), terpinen-4-ol (5.8%), α-terpineol (3.1%),
γ-terpinene (2.3%), β-caryophyllene (1.8%) and α-terpinene (1.4%).
Chemical Composition of Leaf Essential Oil of Annona senegalensis Pers. from Burkina Faso (331)
André Bélanger, Faustin S. Sib, Roger H. Ch. Nébié* and Rigobert T. Yaméogo
The essential oil, obtained by steam distillation of air-dried leaves of Annona senegalensis Pers. growing in Burkina
Faso was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oil was found to contain germacrene D (19.2%), β-caryophyllene (19.1%),
γ-cadinene (11.1%) and α-humulene (9.7%) as major components.
The Leaf Oil Composition of Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. from Monteverde, Costa Rica, and its Biological Activities (333)
William A. Haber, William N. Setzer,* Jennifer M. Schmidt and Lauren C. Eiter
The leaf oil of Zanthoxylum fagara was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The most abundant
oil components were citronellol (26.1%), geraniol (15.3%), citronellal (11.3%), geranial (11.6%) and neral (9.6%).
The antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aspergillus niger, and the in-vitro
cytotoxicity of the oil on MDA-MB-231, Hs 578T, and 5637 human tumor cells were also examined.
An in vitro Evaluation of Tagetes minuta Essential Oil for the Control of the Honeybee Pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Ascosphaera apis, and the Parasitic Mite Varroa destructor (336)
Martín J. Eguaras, S. Fuselli, L. Gende, R. Fritz, Sergio R. Ruffi nengo, G. Clemente, Alda Gonzalez,Pedro N. Bailac* and Marta I. Ponzi
Biological activity was evaluated of the Tagetes minuta essential oil in different in vitro laboratory experiments on
the mite (Varroa destructor), honeybees (Apis mellifera), the bacterium that causes the American Foulbrood (Paenibacillus
larvae), and the fungus that produces chalkbrood (Ascosphaera apis). Two methods of complete exposure
were used for mite lethality test: by spraying in Burgerjon’s tower with 10 mg of active ingredient in solution with
distilled water and emulsion, and in unmodifi ed Petri dishes (60 x 20 mm) with oil (different concentrations) diluted
in 1 mL of ethanol. Ratio selection was obtained as: LD50 of Apis mellifera/ LD50 of V. destructor. Determination
of Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC): to P. larvae was tested at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,
350, 450, 500, 600, 650, 700, 800 and 1000 ppm. An A. apis strain was grown on agar MY20 supplemented with variable
concentrations (between 0-800 ppm) of T. minuta oil was evaluated. Results obtained in tests of total exposure
showed that the concentration was able to kill 50% of mites in 24 h (DL50) and was estimated to be 4.37 mg/cage.
The effi cacy after spray treatment reached 56%. The ratio selection was 3:11. Against P. larvae, the oil showed
MIC values ranging from 700-800 μL/L depending on the tested bacterial strains. Tagetes minuta oil in agar MY20
inhibited mycelial growth of A. apis above concentrations of 200 ppm (p = 0.0001). Oil concentrations of 700 and
800 ppm achieved maximum growth inhibition of A. apis (67% of growth inhibition on average). Tagetes minuta oil
demonstrated in vitro antibacterial, antifungical and miticide activity, although this oil shows a moderate inhibitor
effect compared with other essential oils of native plants from Argentina. However, this oil presents a ratio selection
that would allow it to be used in fi eld conditions with a good safety margin. It is possible that this oil can be used in
combination with others, in integrated pest management strategies in bee colonies.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils of Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop,Hypericum perforatum L and Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench (341)
Dejan Djokovi ´c, Jelena Vukojevi ´c, Ana Simi´c, Petar Marin, Sonja Duleti´c-Lausˇevi ´c, Ana Rancˇ i ´c and Marina Sokovi ´c*
The chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oils isolated from Myrrhis odorata, Hypericum
perforatum and Helichrysum arenarium were investigated against seven bacterial and six fungal species. Activity
against the bacteria and C. albicans were investigated by a bioautographic test on TLC plates, while all the other fungi
were tested by a microdilution test. The oil of H. arenarium showed the best antibacterial activity, while M. odorata
oil showed the lowest effect, to compare with commercial products.
In contrast, the best antifungal activity was observed for M. odorata oil, while H. arenarium showed the lowest
antifungal potential. Minimal inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations for fungi were 0.5-120 μg/mL. The oil of M.
odorata showed better activity then commercial product and it can be seen that this oil is very effective against all
fungi tested.
Investigating Antitermitic Compounds from Australian White Cypress Heartwood (Callitris glaucophylla Thompson et Johnson) Against Coptotermes formosanus Shirakia (346)
Tsuyoshi Yoshimura, Yasutaka Watanabe* and Tohru Mitsunaga
Antitermitic activities of extracts obtained from the heartwood of Australian white cypress (Callitris glaucophylla
Thompson et Johnson) were investigated in an attempt to detect and identify the presence of biologically active
compounds against Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Extraction of compounds was achieved by successive extraction
using dichloromethane and methanol. Three sesquiterpene alcohols, guaiol, α-eudesmol and β-eudesmol and two
monoterpene acids, (-)-citronellic acid and geranic acid, were found in the C. glaucophylla heartwood extracts based
on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis.
Antitermitic activity of each fraction obtained from methanol extracts was demonstrated by repellent and no-choice
feeding tests. One of the strong termiticidal active compounds identifi ed was columellarin and another sesquiterpene
lactone fraction showed repellent activity.
Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of the Leaf and Root Oils from Croton hieronymi Griseb. (351)
Carola S. de Heluani, Marina P. de Lampasona, Marta I. Vega and César A.N. Catalan*
The volatile constituents of the leaf and root oils of Croton hieronymi Griseb. were studied by GC and GC/MS.
Thirty-three and 32 compounds have been identifi ed in leaf (60.2%) and root (86.2%) oils, respectively. The major
components of the leaf oil were camphor (13.9%) and borneol (5.9%), whereas the root oil contained γ-asarone
(25.7%), borneol (19.0%), (E)-asarone (11.4%) and camphor (11.1%) as main constituents.
The oils were tested for their inhibitory effect against four strains of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium,
Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes) and one yeast (Candida albicans). The root oil was
found to be active against E. coli and C. albicans, moderately effective against K. pneumoniae and showed little or
no activity against S. typhimurium and S. pyogenes. The leaf oil was active against K. pneumoniae and moderately
active against E. coli.
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