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May/June 2006
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The Volatile Constituents Analysis of Nepeta kotschyi Boiss. from Iran
By Davood Nori-Shargh, Borzu Baharvand, Surour Raftari and Farzad Deyhimi
Abstract: The volatile constituents of the aerial parts of Nepeta kotschyi Boiss. growing wild in Iran have been examined by GC/FID and GC/MS. Eleven components were identified, constituting approximately 97.7% of the oil. The main constituents of the essential oil were 4aβ,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (92.0%), 1,8-cineole (2.6%), β-pinene (0.9%), pulegone (0.4%) and bicyclogermacrene (0.3%). Key Word Index: Nepeta kotschyi, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, 4aβ,7α,7aα-nepetalactone.
An α-Pinene Chemotype in Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)
By Johannes Novak, Marion Marn and Chlodwig M. Franz
Abstract: Sage plants (Salvia officinalis) were self-pollinated for three consecutive generations. The essential oil composition of 70 plants of the third generation, originating from four different mother plants, was analyzed. The content of α-pinene showed higher variation than all other compounds. The plants segregated into three distinct groups regarding the content of α-pinene: a low-level group around 2% α-pinene, a mid-level group around 9% and a high level group around 15%. This clear segregation into three groups proves the polymorphism (chemotype formation) of α-pinene in sage. Furthermore, the enantiomeric composition of α-pinene shifted from 35:65 [(-)-α-pinene:(+)-α-pinene] in the low level to 15:85 in the mid- and high level. Key Word Index: Salvia officinalis, Lamiaceae, chemotype, essential oil composition, biosynthesis, α-pinene, enantiomers, segregation.
Essential Oil Composition of two Greek Echinops species: E. graecus Miller and E. ritro L.
By Panagiota Papadopoulou, Maria Couladis and Olga Tzakou
Abstract: The essential oils from the fresh inflorescences of Echinops graecus and E. ritro were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Methyl chavicol (42.5%) was the dominant component of E. graecus oil. The oil of E. ritro showed (E)-2-hexenal (21.4%), 1,8-cineole (16.3%) and p-cymene (12.2%) as the major constituents. Key Word Index: Echinops graecus, Echinops ritro, Compositae, essential oil composition, methyl chavicol, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, (E)-2-hexenal.
Studies of Mediterranean Oregano Populations. VII: Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Carvacrol-Rich Oregano of Various Origins
By Gilles Figuérédo, Patrick Cabassu, Jean-Claude Chalchat and Bernard Pasquier
Abstract: Six species of oregano were studied: Origanum compactum Benth., O. dictamnus L., O. dubium Boiss., O. minutiflorum Schwarz et Davis, O. onites L. and O. vulgare ssp. hirtum Ietswaart. Collected at their natural sites, sown, planted and oils isolated at the CNPPMAI. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS; 118 constituents were identified. All species presented a carvacrol chemotype (60 - 90%) accompanied by various chemical forms, such as a thymol-rich type, as in O. dictamnus, O. dubium and O. vulgare ssp. hirtum, in which its levels ranged widely (20 - 90%), or linalool-rich (27 - 90%), as in O. onites and O. dubium. Key Word Index: Origanum compactum, Origanum dictamnus, Origanum dubium, Origanum minutiflorum, Origanum onites and Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum, essential oil composition, carvacrol, thymol, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, linalool.
Studies of Mediterranean Oregano Populations. III: Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Origanum dayi Post from Israel
By Gilles Figuérédo, Jean-Claude Chalchat and Bernard Pasquier
Abstract: Analysis by GC and GC/MS of the oil of Origanum dayi grown in France from seeds collected from the desert of Judea in Israel, isolated by water distillation, led to the identification of 68 constituents. The oil was characterized by high proportions of 1,8-cineole (18.2-26.8%), terpinen-4-ol (16.1-21.6%) and α-terpineol (12.9-16.8%). Key Word Index: Origanum dayi, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol.
Chemical Composition and Larvicidal Activity of the Essential Oil From Leaves of Cordia globosa (Jacq.) H.B.K. from Northeastern Brazil
By Jane Eire S.A. de Menezes, Telma Leda G. Lemos, Edilberto R. Silveira, Otília Deusdênia L. Pessoa, Gilvandete Maria P. Santiago and Ronaldo F. Nascimento
Abstract: The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the fresh leaves of Cordia globosa (Jacq.) H.B.K., at different ontogenetic stages, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-three and 26 volatile constituents were identified for the oils at the flowering and fructification stages, respectively. In both oils, the main compounds were bicyclogermacrene (22.7%-13.1%) and β-caryophyllene (11.9%-11.6%). Key Word Index: Cordia globosa, Boraginaceae, essential oil composition, bicyclogermacrene, β-caryophyllene.
Volatile Leaf Oils from Cuban Euphorbiaceae: Croton rosmarinoides Millsp., Croton litoralis Urb., Croton spiralis Muell. Arg. and Croton myricifolius Griseb.
By Jorge A. Pino, Rolando Marbot, Armando Payo, Pedro Herrera and M. Pilar Martí
Abstract: The chemical composition of the leaf oils of Croton rosmarinoides Millsp., C. litoralis Urb., C. spiralis Muell. Arg. and C. myricifolius Griseb. from Cuba were examined by combined GC and GC/MS. The oil obtained from C. rosmarinoides was characterized by the presence of 1,8-cineole (15.0%), spathulenol (13.8%) and α-terpineol (11.6%) as major constituents, while that of C. litoralis contained 1,8-cineole (20.9%) and α-terpineol (11.1%) as the major components. The oil obtained from C. spiralis was characterized by the presence of higher percentages of sesquiterpenes, particularly α-bisabolol (16.2%) and (E)-γ-atlantone (13.4%), while that of C. myricifolius contained caryophyllene oxide (8.8%), borneol (8.8%) and bornyl acetate (7.7%) as major compounds. Key Word Index: Croton rosmarinoides, Croton litoralis, Croton spiralis, Croton myricifolius, Euphorbiaceae, essential oil composition, 1,8-cineole, spathulenol, α-terpineol, α-bisabolol, (E)-γ-atlantone, caryophyllene oxide, borneol, bornyl acetate.
Volatile Constituents Analysis of Cyclotrichium strussii Bornm. from Iran
By Davood Nori-Shargh and Borzu Baharvand
Abstract: The volatile constituents of the aerial parts of Cyclotrichium strussii Bornm. growing wild in Iran have been examined by GC-FID and GC/MS. The oil was found to contain 19 components. Altogether, 18 compounds were identified from the aerial parts of this plant, collected in its flowering stage. The oil of C. strussii consisted mainly of β-caryophyllene (16.9%), germacrene D (13.0%), borneol (8.9%), linalool (7.2%), α-terpineol (6.7%), caryophyllene oxide (6.2%) and bicyclogermacrene (5.2%). Key Word Index: Cyclotrichium strussii, Labiatae, essential oil composition, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D.
Composition of the Essential Oils of Mentha aquatica L. and Nepeta meyeri Benth. from Iran
By Akbar Esmaeili, Abdolhossein Rustaiyan, Shiva Masoudi and Kobra Nadji
Abstract: The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the stem and leaf of Mentha aquatica L. and the aerial parts of Nepeta meyeri Benth., two Labiatae species of Iran, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty compounds, representing 88.1% of the stem oil of M. aquatica, were identified; among them β-caryophyllene (22.4%), viridiflorol (11.3%) and 1,8-cineole (10.9%) were the major ones. The leaf oil of the plant was characterized by higher amount of piperitenone oxide (25.7%), and also β-caryophyllene (12.0%) and 1,8-cineole (10.3%), among the 29 components, comprising 95.4% of the total oil, detected. The oil of N. meyeri was made up mainly of oxygenated monoterpenes, of which 4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone (68.1%) was the major constituent. Key Word Index: Mentha aquatica, Nepeta meyeri, Labiatae, essential oil composition, piperitenone oxide, β-caryophyllene, viridiflorol, 1,8-cineole, 4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone.
Aromatic Plants from Western Cuba. V: Composition of the Leaf Oils of Baccharis halimifolia L. and Eugenia foetida (Sw.) Willd.
By Jorge A. Pino, Rolando Marbot, Armando Payo, Daniel Chao and Pedro Herrera
Abstract: The chemical composition of the leaf oils of Baccharis halimifolia L. and Eugenia foetida (Sw.) Willd. were studied by GC and GC/MS. Sixty-four compounds of the oil of B. halimifolia were identified of which β-pinene (11.9%) was the major constituent. In the oil of E. foetida, 75 compounds were identified of which caryophyllene oxide (14.8%) was the major component. Key Word Index: Baccharis halimifolia, Compositae, Eugenia foetida, Myrtaceae, β-pinene, caryophyllene oxide.
Essential Oil Composition of Peperomia serpens (Sw.) Loud.
By Ana Carla M. da Silva, Eloisa Helena A. Andrade, Léa Maria M. Carreira, Elsie F. Guimarães and José Guilherme S. Maia
Abstract: The fresh- and dried-leaf oils and the fresh-leaf concentrate of Peperomia serpens were obtained by hydrodistillation and SPME, and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main compounds identified in the hydrodistilled fresh-leaf oil were (Z)-nerolidol acetate (42.9%) and (E)-nerolidol (31.3%). The major constituents found in the SPME fresh-leaf headspace were α-humulene (49.1%) and β-caryophyllene (35.1%). The hydrodistilled dried-leaf oil was dominated by (Z)-nerolidol acetate (36.6%) and (E)-nerolidol (29.1%). It seems that the hydrolysis of α-humulene, identified only in the SPME fresh-leaf headspace, was responsible by the appearance of (E)-nerolidol in the fresh- and dried-leaf oils, followed by isomerization and acetylation to produce (Z)-nerolidol acetate, being all the process heat provoked. Key Word Index: Peperomia serpens, Piperaceae, essential oil composition, headspace volatiles, α-humulene, (Z)-nerolidol, (E)-nerolidol, β-caryophyllene.
Essential Oil Composition of Thymus kotschyanus and Thymus pubescens from Iran
By Katayoun Morteza-Semnani, Bahram Rostami and Mohammed Akbarzadeh
Abstract: The essential oils of the aerial parts of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. et Hohen. and T. pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak. (Labiatae) collected during the full flowering period from the suburb of Behshar (north of Iran) were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major components of T. kotschyanus oil were pulegone (18.7%), isomenthone (17.8%), thymol (14.9%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%), piperitenone (6.3%) and carvacrol (5.5%). The major components of T. pubescens oil were carvacrol (32.1%), thymol (19.1%), α-terpineol (14.6%) and p-cymene (6.1%). Key Word Index: Thymus kotschyanus, Thymus pubescens, Labiatae, essential oil composition, carvacrol, pulegone, isomenthone, thymol, α-terpinol, piperitenone.
Constituents of the Essential Oil of Stachys pilifera Benth. from Iran
By K. Javidnia, R. Miri, M.R. Moein, M. Kamalinejad and H. Sarkarzadeh
Abstract: Aerial parts of Stachys pilifera Benth. were collected from two regions: Kazeroon in southern and Shahr-e-kord in western Iran. The composition of the oils of S. pilifera (Lamiaceae) were ivestigated by GC and GC/MS. The main components of the oil of S. pilifera collected from Kazeroon (1), in southern Iran, were spathulenol (15.8%), cis-chrysanthenol (15.3%), β-caryophyllene (8.4%) and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (6.9%), while for the plant collected from Shahr-e-kord (2), in western Iran, they were cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (21.8%), linalool (18.9%), terpinen-4-ol (11.9%) and cis-chrysanthenol (9.2%). Key Word Index: Stachys pilifera, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, spathulenol, cis-chrysanthenol, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, linalool, terpinen-4-ol.
Studies of Mediterranean Oregano Populations. VI: Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Origanum elongatum Emberger et Maire from Morocco
By Gilles Figuérédo, Patrick Cabassu, Jean-Claude Chalchat and Bernard Pasquier
Abstract: The essential oils of Origanum elongatum Emberger et Maire grown from seeds from Morocco, harvested at a natural site and in the CNPPMAI collection were analyzed by GC/MS; 67 constituents were identified, among which carvacrol predominated (> 65%), accompanied by γ-terpinene, p-cymene and linalool in small amounts. Two samples were unusually thymol-rich (≈ 15% versus < 1.5% in the other extracts, with carvacrol 55-64%). Key Word Index: Origanum elongatum, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, thymol, carvacrol.
The Essential Oil of Curcuma inodora aff. Blatter from Malaysia
By Sri Nurestri Malek, Chan Kam Seng, Zuriati Zakaria, Nor Azah Ali, Halijah Ibrahim and Mohd Nor Jalil
Abstract: The essential oils of the fresh rhizomes and leaves of Curcuma inodora aff. from Malaysia obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed for the first time by a combination of capillary GC and GC/MS. This resulted in the identification of 55 and 32 components, comprising 89.3% and 66.9% of the rhizome and leaf oils, respectively. The major components of the rhizome oil were curzerenone (20.8%), germacrone (11.1%), curdione (7.5%), 1,8-cineole (5.3%) and β-eudesmol (4.6%); that of the leaf oil were curzerenone (16.9%), germacrone (7.5%), 1,8-cineole (5.3%) and farnesol (5.0%). Key Word Index: Curcuma inodora aff., Zingiberaceae, essential oil composition, curzerenone, germacrone.
Volatile Constituents of the Essential Oil of Hymenocrater elegans Bunge
By M.M. Barazandeh
Abstract: Hymenocrater elegans Bunge was collected from Firoozkooh in northeast Iran in July 2003. Dried leaves of the plant were steam distilled in a Kaiser-Lang apparatus for 45 min. The oil was produced at the yield of 0.1% (based on dry weight). GC and GC/MS analysis of this oil revealed the presence of 33 compounds, among which germacrene D (10.2%), β-caryophyllene (9.7%), α-humulene (9.6%), β-bourbonene (7.1%) and germacrene B (6.9%) were the major constituents. Key Word Index: Hymenocrater elegans, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, germacrene D.
Essential Oil of Seseli peucedanoides (MB) Kos.- Pol.
By Vanja M. Bulatović, Katarina P. Šavikin-Fodulović, Gordana M. Zdunić and Milena P. Popović
Abstract: Essential oil of Seseli peucedanoides, growing at in Serbia, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-six compounds were characterized representing 96.3% of the oil, with α-pinene (69.4%), β-pinene (4.9%) and limonene (4.6%) found to be dominant compounds. Key Word Index: Seseli peucedanoides, Apiaceae, essential oil composition, α-pinene.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of the Twigs and Leaves of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa.
By H.P. Kaur, S.N. Garg, K.V. Sashidhara, A. Yadav, A.A. Naqvi and S.P.S. Khanuja
Abstract: The essential oil of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The oil of twigs afforded the identification of 16 compounds, including eight monoterpene hydrocarbons (92.8%), two oxygenated monoterpenes (2.5%), four sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (2.2%), one oxygenated sesquiterpene (0.2%) and one phenolic compound. Limonene (51.7%) and (Z)-β-ocimene (39.8%) were the major components reported first time in the oil of twigs of Aegle marmelos. The leaf oil was found to contain 15 compounds, including seven monotorpene hydrocarbons (90.7%), three oxygenated monoterpenes (2.9%), four sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (3.1%) and one phenolic compound (0.2%). Limonene (82.4%) was the main constituent. Key Word Index: Aegle marmelos, Rutaceae, essential oil composition, limonene, (Z)-β-ocimene.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Stachys milanii Petrović
By Radosav M. Palić, Jelena S. Lazarević, Gordana S. Stojanović and Vladimir N. Ranđelović
Abstract: The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the hydrodistilled essential oil isolated from the aerial parts of Stachys milanii Petrović, a species endemic to central and eastern regions of the Balkan Peninsula, were examined for the first time. Fourteen compounds, predominantly monoterpenes, representing 92.2% of the total oil, were identified, with borneol (49.5%) and terpinen-4-ol (13.2%) as major components. The antimicrobial activity of the isolated oil against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger was investigated by disc diffusion method and was a moderate one. Key Word Index: Stachys milanii, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, borneol, terpinen-4-ol, antimicrobial activity.
Chemical Constituents of the Leaf and Flower Oils from Achillea millefolium ssp. elbursensis Hub.-Mor. from Iran Rich in Chamazulene
By K. Jaimand, M.B. Rezaee and V. Mozaffarian
Abstract: The volatile constituents of Achillea millefolium ssp. elbursensis were isolated by different methods of distillation (hydrodistillation and steam distillation) and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major constituents of A. millefolium ssp. elbursensis oil by hydrodistillation from the flower were chamazulene (54%), camphor (8%) and isoborneol (7.6%), while the leaf oil contained chamazulene (35%), isoborneol (18.2%) and p-cymene (14.8%). The major oil constituents from the flower (by steam distillation) were chamazulene (78.4%) and longifolene (7.6%), while the major constituents of the leaf oil were chamazulene (82.5%) and germacrene B (3.6%). Key Word Index: Achillea millefolium subsp. elbursensis, Asteraceae, essential oil compostion, chamazulene.
Essential oil of Piper carniconnectivum C.CD. Leaves and Stems
By Valdir A. Facundo, Claudia M. Rezende and Ângelo C. Pinto
Abstract: The essential oils obtained from the leaves and stems of Piper carniconnectivum C.CD., collected from the southern Amazon forest, Brazil, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major component of the leaf oil was caryophyllene oxide (21.3%); the components in the stem oil were spathulenol (23.7%) and β-pinene (19.0%). Key Word Index: Piper carniconnectivum, Piperaceae, essential oil composition, caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, β-pinene.
The Volatile Organic Compounds from Tepals and Anthers of Saffron Flowers (Crocus sativus L.)
By Bruno Tirillini, Rita Pagiotti, Luigi Menghini and Enrico Miniati
Abstract: The ethanolic extracts of tepals and anthers of saffron flowers (Crocus sativus L.) were analyzed by means of GC and GC/MS. The extract from tepals contained 16 compounds, the most abundant were 2-phenylethyl alcohol (15.0%), tetracosane (10.5%), ethyl hexadecanoate (10.0%) and heptadecane (9.6%). The extract from anthers contained 26 compounds, the major compounds being 2-phenylethyl alcohol (50.4%) and 2-phenethyl acetate (15.4%). Key Word Index: Crocus sativus, Iridaceae, extract composition, saffron flower, 2-phenylethyl alcohol, 2-phenethyl acetate, tetracosane, ethyl hexadecanoate.
Composition of the Essential Oil from Artemisia herba-alba Grown in Jordan
By Mohammad M. Hudaib and Talal A. Aburjai
Abstract: The composition of the essential oil hydrodistilled from the aerial parts of Artemisia herba-alba Asso. growing in Jordan was determined by GC and GC/MS. The oil yield was 1.3% (v/w) from dried tops (leaves, stems and flowers). Forty components corresponding to 95.3% of the oil were identified, of which oxygenated monoterpenes were the main oil fraction (39.3% of the oil), with α- and β-thujones as the principal components (24.7%). The other major identified components were: santolina alcohol (13.0%), artemisia ketone (12.4%), trans-sabinyl acetate (5.4%), germacrene D (4.6%), α-eudesmol (4.2%) and caryophyllene acetate (5.7%). The high oil yield and the substantial levels of potentially active components, in particular thujones and santolina alcohol, in the oil of this Jordanian species make the plant and the oil thereof promising candidates as natural herbal constituents of antimicrobial drug combinations. Key Word Index: Artemisia herba-alba, Compositae, desert wormwood, essential oil composition, α-thujone, santolina alcohol, artemisia ketone.
Analysis by GC/FID and GC/MS of Essential Oil of Leaflets of Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst from Cameroon
By F. Noudjou, M.B. Ngassoum, P.M. Mapongmetsem, M. Marlier, M.Verscheure and G.C. Lognay
Abstract: The essential oil from the leaflets of Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst from the Adamaoua region of North Cameroon was analyzed by GC(FID) and GC/MS. More than 20 compounds have been identified. Monoterpenes (60.3%) are mainly represented by limonene (31.9%) and α-pinene (17.8%); the main sesquiterpenes were γ-elemene (9.6%) and ar-curcumene (6.6%). Key Word Index: Stegonotaenia araliacea, Apiaceae, essential oil composition, α-pinene, limonene.
Chemical Composition of Leaf, Flower and Fruit Oils of Vitex pseudo-negundo (Hausskn.) Hand.-Mzt. from Iran
By M.R. HadjMohammadi, A.A. Afif and M.B. Rezaee
Abstract: The volatile constituents of Vitex pseudo-negundo (Hausskn.) Hand.-Mzt. were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed via GC and GC/MS. The major constituents of the leaf oil were α-pinene (35.9%), limonene (12.2%) and bicyclogermacrene (9.5%), while the fruit oil contained α-pinene (31.7%), bicyclogermacrene (14.5%) and limonene (11.5%), and the flower oil contained α-pinene (14.7%), bicyclogermacrene (8.3%) and limonene (5.8%). Key Word Index: Vitex pseudo-negundo, Verbenaceae, essential oil composition, α-pinene, limonene, bicyclogermacrene.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Thymus bracteosus Vis. ex Bentham (Lamiaceae)
By Violeta N. Slavkovska, Branislava S. Lakušić, Radiša B. Jančić, Neda A. Mimica-Dukić and Djordje S. Vujičić
Abstract: The oil composition of Thymus bracteosus Vis. ex Bentham, collected from Montenegro, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oil yield was 0.15%. Twenty-seven components were identified. Terpene hydrocarbons were dominant in the oil (68.5%). The main constituents of the oil were germacrene D (15.5%), β-caryophyllene (14.6%), p-cymene (10.2%) and α-pinene (7.2%). Key Word Index: Thymus bracteosus, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, p-cymene.
Terpenoid Composition of the Essential Oil from Pimpinella acuminata (Edgew.) CB Clarke
By Anand B. Melkani, Mohammad S. Javed, Kirti B. Melkani, Vasu Dev and Philip S. Beauchamp
Abstract: The essential oils from the roots and aerial parts of Pimpinella acuminata (Edgew.) CB Clarke were analyzed by GC, GC/MS and NMR spectroscopy. The oil from the aerial parts contained β-caryophyllene (12.5%), dill apiole (20.4%) and parsley apiole (39.9%), while the root oil contained myristicin (16.2%), dill apiole (11.3%) and parsley apiole (61.8%) as the major components. This is the first report of the composition of the oils from the aerial parts and roots of P. acuminata. Key Word Index: Pimpinella acuminata, Apiaceae, essential oil composition, β-caryophyllene, dill apiole, parsley apiole, myristicin.
Essential Oil Composition of Three Cultivated Thymus Chemotypes from Hungary
By Györgyi Horváth, László Gy. Szabó, Éva Héthelyi and Éva Lemberkovics
Abstract: The essential oils of three Hungarian cultivated thymes (Thymus vulgaris L., Thymus x citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb, Thymus x citriodorus “archer’s gold”) were obtained by steam distillation of air-dried plant materials and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Three different chemotypes were found. In the oil of T. vulgaris thymol (45.6%), in T. x citriodorus geraniol (39.2%) and in T. x citriodorus, “archer’s gold,” carvacrol (43.5%) was the main component. Among the other constituents, p-cymene, β-caryophyllene, geranial, 1,8-cineole and γ-terpinene were characterized. Key Word Index: Thymus vulgaris, Thymus x citriodorus, Thymus x citriodorus “archer’s gold,” Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, thymol, carvacrol, geraniol.
Composition of Turkish Mandarin and Bergamot Leaf Oils
By Şah İsmail Kirbaslar and Fatma Gülay Kirbaslar
Abstract: Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit.) leaf oils were obtained from mandarin and bergamot leaves by steam distillation. The oils were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) and high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS). In total, 42 and 50 components were identified in mandarin and bergamot leaf oils, respectively. Mandarin leaf oil showed a high content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (62.6%), with sabinene (42.5%) and γ-terpinene (3.8%) being the major components. Bergamot leaf oil was characterized by a higher content of oxygenated compounds (90.4%), of which linalyl acetate (49.6%) and linalool (22.4%) were the major ones. It contained lower amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons (8.1%) than the mandarin leaf oil. Key Word Index: Citrus reticulata, Citrus bergamia, Rutaceae, essential oil composition, sabinene, linalool, linalyl acetate.
Composition of the Essential Oils of Phlomis rigida Labill. and P. samia L.
By Betül Demirci, Kemal Hüsnü Can Başer and Mehmet Y. Dadandi
Abstract: The essential oils of Phlomis rigida Labill. and P. samia L. (Lamiaceae) obtained from the aerial parts by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. P. rigida (albino and normal form) oils were found to be rich in β-caryophyllene (31.2% and 38.7%, respectively) and β-selinene (13.1% and 15.1%, respectively). P. samia oil contained germacrene D (33.8%) and β-caryophyllene (6.4%) as major components. Key Word Index: Phlomis rigida, Phlomis samia, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, β-caryophyllene, β-selinene, germacrene D.
Composition of the Camphor-rich Essential Oil of Ocimum basilicum L. Native to Northeast India
By Jubilee Purkayastha and Subhan C. Nath
Abstract: The essential oil of the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum (native to northeast India) obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-four components, representing about 92% of the total oil, were identified. Camphor (42.1%), followed by limonene (7.6%) and β-selinene (5.6%), was the major component of the oil. Key Word Index: Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, camphor, limonene.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Algeria
By Tahar Dob, Dahmane Dahmane and Chaabane Chelghoum
Abstract: The essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus L. from three regions of Algeria (Algiers, Tizi-Ouzou and Oran) were isolated from aerial parts by hydrodistillation and were investigated by GC and GC/MS. Longifolene was predominant in the oils from Algiers (12.8%) and Tizi-Ouzou (16.4%), while α-pinene (19.0%) was the major constituent of the Oran oil. The other compounds of oils were present in important amounts; Algiers oil: γ-cadinene (6.2%), trans-β-terpineol (5.0%) and α-acorneol (4.6%); Tizi-Ouzou oil: trans-β-terpineol (15.6%), terpinen-4-ol (7.0%) and γ-muurolene (5.7%); Oran oil: trans-β-terpineol (13.1%), sabinene (12.6%) and β-pinene (6.5%). A comparison with oils from P. lentiscus of other countries reported in literature shows both qualitative and quantitative differences. Key Word Index: Pistacia lentiscus, Anacardiaceae, essential oil composition, α-pinene, longifolene, trans-β-terpineol, sabinene.
Essential Oil Composition of Artemisia biennis Willd. and Pulicaria undulata (L.) C.A. Mey., Two Compositae Herbs Growing Wild in Iran
By Fereshteh Nematollahi, Abdolhossein Rustaiyan, Kambiz Larijani, Marjan Nadimi and Shiva Masoudi
Abstract: The oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Artemisia biennis and Pulicaria undulate were analyzed by means of GC and GC/MS. The major components of the oil of A. biennis were camphor (24.6%), artemisia ketone (11.4%) and α-pinene (10.2%). α-Pinene (45.7%) and 1,8-cineole (27.1%) were found to be the main constituents of the oil of P. undulata. Key Word Index: Artemisia biennis, Pulicaria undulata, Compositae, essential oil composition, α-pinene, artemisia ketone, camphor, 1,8-cineole.
Constituents of the Volatile Oils of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. from Iran
By K. Javidnia, R. Miri, M. Kamalinejad and M. Khoshneviszadeh
Abstract: The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from aerial parts and roots of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss was investigated by GC and GC/MS. The main component of the oils of the aerial parts and roots of the plant was longibornyl acetate (11.2% and 57.6%, respectively). Key Word Index: Dracocephalum kotschyi, Labiatae, essential oil composition, longibornyl acetate.
Essential Oil from Leaves and Flowers of Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cassini (Asteraceae)
By Maira C.M. Fonsceca, Luiz C.A. Barbosa, Evandro A. Nascimento and Vicente W.D. Casali
Abstract: Identification of the essential oil components from the leaves and flowers of Porophyllum ruderale was carried out by GC and GC/MS. This analysis led to the identification of 17 compounds; the monoterpene β-phellandrene was the major constituent found in both cases. Key Word Index: Porophyllum ruderale, Asteraceae, essential oil composition, β-phellandrene, octadecanal.
Volatile Constituents of Nepeta heliotropifolia Lam., Mentha mozaffarianii Jamzad and Ziziphora persica Bunge. Three Labiatae Herbs Growing Wild in Iran
By Abdolhossein Rustaiyan, Mina Jamzad, Shiva Masoudi and Nazak Ameri
Abstract: The composition of the essential oils from three Labiatae species from Iran—Nepeta heliotropifolia Lam. and Mentha mozaffariani Jamzad, which are endemic to Iran, and Ziziphora persica Bunge.—were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. 1,8-Cineole (16.8%), 4aα,7α,7aβ nepetalactone (16.3%), cis-sabinene hydrate (16.1%) and linalool (11.9%) were the main components among the 23 constituents characterized in the oil of Nepeta heliotropifolia, representing 92.8% of the total components detected. Twenty compounds were identified in the oil of M. mozaffarianii, representing 83.6% of the total oil, with 1,8-cineole (53.5%) being the major constituent. The oil of Z. persica was characterized by high amount of pulegone (27.8%), neomenthol (22.5%) and p-menth-3-en-8-ol (18.1%) among the 34 components, comprising 94.7% of the total oil detected. All three oils were richer in oxygenated monoterpenes than sesquiterpenes. Key Word Index: Nepeta helitropifolia, Mentha mozaffarianii, Ziziphora persica, Labiatae, essential oil composition, 1,8-cineole, 4aα,7α,7aβ nepetalactone, cis-sabinene hydrate, linalool, 1,8-cineole, pulegone, neomenthol, p-menth-3-en-8-ol.
Insecticidal Activity of Essential Oils of Ceylon Cinnamomum and Cymbopogon species against Musca domestica
By Radhika Samarasekera, Kosmulalage S Kalhari and Indira S. Weerasinghe
Abstract: Insecticidal properties of essential oils of leaf and bark of Ceylon Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae), Cymbopogon nardus Rendle (Gramineae) and Cymbopogon citratus DC. (Gramineae) and their 10 compounds were investigated against Musca domestica (housefly). Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark and Cymbopogon citratus oils showed good knock down and mortality against M. domestica (LD50 1.37 and 1.71 μg/insect, respectively) than C. zeylanicum leaf (LD50 2.75 μg/insect) and C. nardus (LD50 3.10 μg/insect) oils. Cinnamaldehyde (65%) was a major constituent of C. zeylanicum bark oil, eugenol (77%) in the C. zeylanicum leaf oil, geraniol (24.8%) in the oil of C. nardus and citral (78.8%) in C. citratus leaf oil. Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, eugenyl acetate, geraniol and geranyl acetate were more active against M. domestica than their corresponding essential oils, while cinnamyl acetate, citral, citronellal, citronellol and α-terpineol were less active. Key Word Index: Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Lauraceae, Cymbopogon nardus, Gramineae, Cymbopogon citratus, essential oil composition, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, geraniol, citral, insecticidal activity, Musca domestica.
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