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July/August 2006
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Volatile Oil Constituents of Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) A. Juss. (Rutaceae) from Iran
By K. Javidnia, R. Miri and A. Banani
Abstract: The aerial parts of Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) A. Juss. (Rutaceae) were hydrodistilled using a Clevenger-type apparatus to yield an oil of 0.02%. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS; 40 components, representing 91.8% of the oil, were identified. The main components of the oil were linalool (15.5%), α-pinene (7.9%) and limonene (5.3%). Key Word Index: Haplophyllum tuberculatum, Rutaceae, essential oil composition, linalool.
Seasonal Analyses of the Essential Oil of Artemisia ferganensis
By Hui-Xia Qiu, Yao Lei and Jian Huang
Abstract: The essential oil from the leaves of a wild plant, Artemisia ferganensis (Compositae), growing in Heshuo county of Xinjiang province, China, was analyzed at the various growing stages (vegetative, budding and flowering stage). The content and composition of the oil at each stage were notably varied. Twenty-eight compounds (> 0.1%) were identified as components by the analyses of GC and GC/MS. The main constituents were α-thujone (37.0-54.8%), 1,8-cineole (5.7-10.4%), β-thujone (8.6-10.7%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (7.2-23.5%), and sabinyl acetate (3.4-10.2%). Key Word Index: Artemisia ferganensis, Compositae, essential oil composition, α-thujone, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, α-thujone.
Volatile Constituents of the Leaves of Croton sellowii Baill (Euphorbiaceae)
By Ivelton J.M. Dias, Cláudio A.G. da Câmara and Paulo C.L. Nogueira
Abstract: The present work describes the identification of the volatile constituents obtained from leaves of Croton sellowii by GC and GC/MS. The major constituents were identified as the oxygenated sesquiterpenes: caryophyllene oxide (43.8%), epi-α-muurolol (6.4%) and α-cadinol (6.2%). Key Word Index: Croton sellowii, Euphorbiaceae, essential oil composition, caryophyllene oxide.
Essential Oil Quality and Yield with Respect to Harvest Index in Tagetes minuta Cultivated in Sub Tropical Plains of North India
By Aparbal Singh, SPS Khanuja, SJK Arya, Saudan Singh and Anju Yadaw
Abstract: Planned studies were carried out to determine the most appropriate stage of economic harvest in Tagetes minuta by examining dry matter partitioning, essential oil yield and quality of oil at different growth stages grown in Lucknow conditions at the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India, during winter season 2002-2003. The maximum essential oil yield (1.01 g/plant and 56.1 kg/ha) was obtained upon harvesting at post flowering stage (seed setting stage). Advantage in essential oil yield at this stage was 130%, 34.5% and 36.5% yield enhancement over pre-flowering, 50% and 100% flowering stages, respectively. Flowers and leaves contained the maximum essential oil 2.14% and 1.89% (dry weight basis), respectively. Relative contribution of leaf, flower and stem to essential oil production was 40.7%, 37.8% and 21.5%, respectively. In the oil quality analysis, dihydrotagetone (77.1%) was the predominant component in oil from the leaves while (Z)-β-ocimene, limonene and (Z)-tagetone were the major constituents in the flower oil. The study suggests that T. minuta should be harvested at the post-flowering stage for realizing maximum essential oil yield and its desirable major chemical constituents. The study also differentiated the quality of leaf and flower oil for chemical constituents. Key Word Index: Tagetes minuta, Asteraceae, stage of harvest, oil yield, essential oil composition, limonene, (Z)-β-ocimene, dihydrotagetenone, (Z)-tagetone, tagetenone.
The Essential Oil from the Leaves and Flowers of “African Marigold,” Tagetes erecta L.
By Isiaka A. Ogunwande and Nureni O. Olawore
Abstract: The essential oils from the leaves and flowers of Tagetes erecta L. cultivated in Nigeria were examined by GC and GC/MS. Piperitone (50.7%), piperitenone (13.2%) and (Ε)-β-ocimene (6.7%) were the predominant components in the leaf oil. The flower oil was characterized by the presence of 1, 8-cineole (23.1%), α-pinene (11.8%), α-terpineol (10.7%), piperitone (8.0%) and sabinene (5.6%) as the major compounds. Key Word Index: Tagetes erecta, Asteraceae, essential oil composition, piperitone, piperitenone, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, α-terpineol.
Essential Oil Composition and Glandular Trichomes of Marrubium vulgare L. Growing Wild in Algeria
By Rachid Belhattab, Larbi Larous, A. Cristina Figueiredo, Pedro A.G. Santos, Monya M. Costa, José G. Barroso and Luis G. Pedro
Abstract: A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of the aerial parts of Marrubium vulgare L. grown wild in Algeria showed a dense woolly indumentum of stellate, nonglandular, point-shaped trichomes that completely hide both the adaxial and abaxial leaf epidermes, as well as the stem and flower surfaces bearing the glandular trichomes. Peltate and two types of capitate trichomes constitute the morphological distinct glandular trichomes that are spread over the vegetative and reproductive organs. The essential oils of M. vulgare were obtained by hydrodistillation and distillation-extraction from the aerial parts collected during the flowering (F) and vegetative phases (V), and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The essential oils were obtained in a yield of ≤ 0.05% (v/w). Eugenol was the main component in the F oil (50%) but comprised only 16% in the V oil. β-Bisabolene was the dominant component of the V oil (29%) and the second main component in the F oil (11%). Key Word Index: Marrubium vulgare, Lamiaceae, horehound, glandular trichomes, nonglandular trichomes, essential oil composition, eugenol, β-bisabolene.
Essential Oil of Annona reticulata L. Leaves from Nigeria
By Isiaka A. Ogunwande, Olusegun Ekundayo, Nureni O. Olawore and Adeleke A. Kasali
Abstract: Hydrodistilled oil obtained from the leaves of Annona reticulata L. grown in Nigeria was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Thirty-nine components were characterized. These consisted of 18 monoterpenes amounting to 29.0%, 20 sesquiterpenes totaling 52.9% and one aromatic esters making up 10.9%. The oil contained (E,E)-farnesyl acetate (19.0%), ar-turmerone (12.0%), benzyl benzoate (10.9%) and γ-terpinene (7.4%) as the major constituents. Key Word Index: Annona reticulata, Annonaceae, essential oil composition, (E,E)-farnesyl acetate, ar-turmerone, benzyl benzoate.
Essential Oil Constituent of Artemisia wallichiana Bess.
By G.C. Shah and C.S. Mathela
Abstract: Essential oil from Artemisia wallichiana Bess. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-nine constituents in the oil were identified. Among these sabinene (6.2%), germacrene D (12.5%) and vulgarone B (38.5%) were found to be the major constituents of the oil. Key Word Index: Artemisia wallichiana, Asteraceae, essential oil composition, vulgarone B, germacrene D.
Essential Oils from Leaves, Stems, Flowers and Fruits of Haplophyllum robustum Bge. (Rutaceae) Grown in Iran
By Abdolhamid Bamonieri, Javad Safaei-Ghomi, Heydar Asadi, Hosein Batooli, Shiva Masoudi and Abdolhossein Rustaiyan
Abstract: The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves, stems, flowers and fruits of Haplophyllum robustum Bge. (Rutaceae) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. 1,8-Cineole was the major component (19.1-45.1%) in almost all oils, except for the leaf oil which contained cis-sabinene hydrate (23.2%) as the main constituent. The composition of the oils were mostly quantitatively rather than qualitatively different. All oils consisted mainly of monoterpenes and a small percentage of non-terpenoid compounds. Key Word Index: Haplophyllum robustum, Rutaceae, essential oil composition, 1,8-cineole, cis-sabinene hydrate, γ-terpinene, limonene.
The Essential Oil of Kyllinga odorata Vahl (Cyperaceae) from Mississippi
By Arthur O. Tucker, Michael J. Maciarello and Charles T. Bryson
Abstract: An essential oil of fragrant kyllinga, Kyllinga odorata Vahl (Cyperaceae), collected in Mississippi, was examined by GC/MS/FID. Twenty-three different constituents were identified with dominant components of dihydrokaranone (53.1±16.6%) and aristolochene (11.3±2.4%). Key Word Index: Kyllinga odorata, Cyperus sesquiflorus, Cyperaceae, dihydrokaranone, aristolochene.
Essential Oil Composition of Different Aerial Parts of Pistacia terebinthus L. Growing Wild in Sardinia
By Marianna Usai, Giorgio Pintore, Mario Chessa and Bruno Tirillini
Abstract: Essentials oils from different aerial parts of Pistacia terebinthus L. growing wild in Sardinia were analyzed in a single GC and GC/MS run. The oil yields obtained from the different parts range from 0.01-1.5%. α-Pinene was the main constituent of each of the P. terebinthus oils with the twig oil containing the highest concentration of 66.0%. In fruitful twigs the α-pinene concentration was 54.8% while in the leaf oil it was 16.4%. The other major component was β-pinene, the level of which in the oils of fruitful twigs and leaves was 22.5% and 13.5%, respectively. Key Word Index: Pistacia terebinthus, Anacardiaceae, essential oil composition, α-pinene, β-pinene.
Leaf Essential Oils of the Queensland Species of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae)
By Joseph Brophy, Robert Goldsack and Paul Forster
Abstract: The leaf oils of the eight Queensland specific and subspecific taxa of Phebalium have been examined. Phebalium distans produced a variable oil, with α-pinene (0.8-42%) being the most abundant prominent monoterpene and bicyclogermacrene (12-22%) as the most significant sesquiterpene. In P. glandulosum subsp. glandulosum by far the major component is dihydrotagetone (75-95%). β-Caryophyllene (9-20%) and bicyclogermacrene (7-23%) were the major components of P. longifolium. In P. nottii the principal monoterpene detected was α-pinene (25-42%), while the principal sesquiterpenes detected were guaiol (t-28%) and bulnesol (nil to 34%). The two monoterpene hydrocarbons, α-phellandrene (12-25%) and β-phellandrene (14-15%), together with bicyclogermacrene (2-12%), elemol/hedycaryol (12-36%) were major components in the leaf oil of P. squamulosum subsp. squamulosum, while in P. squamulosum subsp. gracile, geijerene (4-8%) was present together with α-pinene (44-50%) and guaiol (9-11%). The leaf oil of P. whitei contained α-pinene (22-42%), limonene (1-12%) and bicyclogermacrene (11-20%) as major components. In P. woombye the main components were α-pinene (10-21%), β-phellandrene (12-20%), bicyclogermacrene (11-20%) and germacrene D (5-10%). Key Word Index: Phebalium distans, Phebalium glandulosum subsp. glandulosum, Phebalium longifolium, Phebalium nottii, Phebalium squamulosum subsp. squamulosum, Phebalium squamulosum subsp. gracile, Phebalium whitei, Phebalium woombye, Rutaceae, essential oil composition, α-pinene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, elemol, hedycaryol, bicyclogermacrene, β-caryophyllene, limonene, guaiol, bulnesol, dihydrotagetone.
Essential Oil Constituents of Piper vicosanum Yunker from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
By Jussara M.O. Mesquita, Alaide B. Oliveira, Fernão C. Braga, Júlio A. Lombardi, António Proença da Cunha, Ligia Salgueiro and Carlos Cavaleiro
Abstract: The composition of Piper vicosanum Yuncker leaf essential oil from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brazil) was investigated. GC and GC/MS analysis of the oils from samples of two populations led to the identification of 64 constituents amounting over 93% of the total oil. The composition was dominated by monoterpenoids (56.0-62.6%), with limonene (40.0-45.5%) and 1,8-cineole (10.4-15.0%) as major compounds. This oil is clearly different from those of all other previously reported Piper leaf oils. Key Word Index: Piper vicosanum, Piperaceae, essential oil composition, 1,8-cineole, limonene.
Seasonal Variation of Leaf, Stem and Umbel Ray Essential Oils of Bupleurum gibraltarium Lam.
By Ana M. Fernández-Ocaña, Carlos Fernández-López, Ana M. Camacho-Simarro, Arturo Velasco-Negueruela, María J. Pérez-Alonso, Jesús Palá-Paúl, María Concepción García-Vallejo and Joaquín Altarejos
Abstract: The yield and composition of essential oils from leaves, stems, umbel rays and also from whole aerial parts of Bupleurum gibraltarium Lam. (Apiaceae) were determined during the pre-flowering, full flowering, late flowering, and fruiting vegetative periods. A fruit sample was also studied for comparative purposes. Leaves (0.8–1.8% yield) and stems (0.3–0.7%) reached their maximum oil content during the late flowering period, whereas umbel rays (2.2–3.7%) reached it in full flowering. Oil samples were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS: components which were found in amounts greater than 2% were selected to carry out a seasonal study. In the leaf oils, sabinene (12.0–33.9%) and limonene (7.8–23.4%) were the main components, the sabinene level being minimum in full flowering and maximum in fruiting. In stem oils, sabinene (4.7–21.6%) and 2,3,4-trimethylbenzaldehyde (9.3–13.6%) were the main components, the sabinene level being minimum in pre-flowering and maximum in full flowering. In umbel ray oils, sabinene (20.7–43.1%) was the first component in all the phenological periods, followed by α-pinene (7.3–28.2%). Both monoterpenes increased their levels in late flowering and reached minimum amounts in fruiting. Key Word Index: Bupleurum gibraltarium, Apiaceae, essential oil composition, seasonal variation, sabinene, α-pinene, limonene, 2,3,4-trimethylbenzaldehyde.
The Analysis of the Content and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil in the Leaves of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) cv. ‘Bona’ in the Second Year of Cultivation
By Grażyna Zawiślak and Jan Dyduch
Abstract: The research was conducted in the years 1997-1999. The original material for the research was sage leaves (Salvia officinalis L.) cv. ‘Bona’, which came from a two-year plantation. A three-year research study proved that the percentage amount of oil in the raw material of sage was related to the harvest time of the crop. It was higher in leaves coming from the second term of crop (middle of September) and ranged from 1.6% to 1.8%. The percentage amount of oil in sage leaves collected in May (first crop) was lower and fluctuated between 0.8% and 1.4%. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of distilled oils were made using GC and GC/MS. The analyses demonstrated the presence of 31 components in the oil. We found that the oil components varied quantitatively, depending on the harvest time. The main components occurring in sage oil were α-thujone (18.4-27.9%), β-thujone (8.0-15.0%), 1,8-cineole (4.0-14.4%) and camphor (11.7-27.0%). Key Word Index: Salvia officinalis, sage, essential oil composition, α-thujone, β-thujone, 1,8-cineole, camphor.
Chemical Compositions of Aerial Part Essential Oils of Lantana camara L. Chemotypes from Madagascar
By Jean-Aimé Randrianalijaona, Panja A.R. Ramanoelina, Jean R.E. Rasoarahona and Emile M. Gaydou
Abstract: The chemical composition of 12 essential oil samples of the aerial parts of two flower color types of Lantana camara from Madagascar collected each month of the year, have been characterized by GC and GC/MS. The main components changed within the two flower color types. The pink-violet flower type contained mainly davanone (23.5%), β-caryophyllene (11.7%), sabinene (10.4%), linalool (5.9%) and α-humulene (4.7%), while the main components of the yellow-orange type were β-caryophyllene (29.8%), β-bisabolene (15.3%), sabinene (13.3%), γ-cadinene (3.7%) and α-humulene (3.1%). Key Word Index: Lantana camara, Verbenaceae, davanone, β-caryophyllene, β-bisabolene, sabinene, α-humulene, 1,8-cineole, epi-cubenol, ar-curcumene.
Analysis of the Essential Oil of the Rhizome of Cyperus giganteus Vahl. (Cyperaceae) Cultivated in North of Brazil
By Maria das Graças B. Zoghbi, Eloisa Helena de A. Andrade, Jorge Oliveira, Giselle Maria S. P. Guilhon and Karyme do Socorro de S. Vilhena
Abstract: The volatiles of Cyperus giganteus (Cyperaceae), cultivated in the state of Pará were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major components identified in the rhizome oil of C. giganteus were cyperotundone (25.9%) and cyperene (10.4%). Key Word Index: Cyperus giganteus, Cyperaceae, essential oil composition, cyperotundone, cyperene.
Studies of Mediterranean Oregano Populations IX: Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Seven Species of Oregano of Various Origins
By Gilles Figuérédo, Jean-Claude Chalchat and Bernard Pasquier
Abstract: The essential oils of seven species of oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ssp. gracile (Koch), Origanum acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.) Ietswaart, Origanum hypericifolium O. Schwarz et P.H. Davis, Origanum bargyli Mouterde, Origanum saccatum P.H. Davis, Origanum solymicum P.H. Davis, and Origanum leptocladum Boiss.) were studied by GC and GC/MS. Eighty-five constituents were identified. The discriminant components of these oils were p-cymene, γ-terpinene, cis- and trans-sabinene hydrate, borneol, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, thymol, and carvacrol. Some of the species were similar to those described in the literature, and new chemotypes are reported. Key Word Index: Origanum vulgare ssp. gracile, Origanum acutidens, Origanum hypericifolium, Origanum bargyli, Origanum saccatum, Origanum solymicum, Origanum leptocladum, essential oil composition, sabinene, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, cis-sabinene hydrate, trans-sabinene hydrate, borneol, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, thymol, carvacrol, chemotypes.
A Study on the Composition of Commercial Vetiveria zizanioides Oils from Different Geographical Origins
By Pascal Champagnat, Gilles Figueredo, Jean-Claude Chalchat, André-Paul Carnat and Jean-Marie Bessière
Abstract: This work reports the chemical composition of essential oils of Vetiveria zizanioïdes (L.) Nash from nine countries: Brazil, China, Haiti, India, Java, Madagascar, Mexico, Reunion and Salvador. Analyses were performed using GC/MS, and about 110 constituents were identified in oils, mainly sesquiterpenes. The characteristic constituents were β-vetispirene (1.6-4.5%), khusimol (3.4-13.7%), vetiselinenol (1.3- 7.8%) and α-vetivone (2.5- 6.3%). No meaningful differences were observed comparing the composition of nine geographical origins. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) of the compositional data of the oil samples confirm the relative homogeneity of V. zizanioides by the content of major constituents (khusimol, β-vetivenene and β-vetispirene). Key Word Index: Vetiveria zizanioides, Poaceae, vetiver oil, essential composition, khusimol.
Identification of the Components of Philadelphus coronarius L. Essential Oil
By Szilvia Czigle, Pavel Mučaji, Daniel Grančai, Katalin Veres, Erzsébet Háznagy-Radnai, Ágnes Dobos, Imre Máthé and László Tóth
Abstract: The volatile constituents of both dried and fresh leaves, twigs and flowers of Philadelphus coronarius L. (Hydrangeaceae) were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. There were major differences between the various oils. For example, epi-13-manool (47.6 %) was the major component of the fresh flower oil, but was not detected in the dried flower oil, whereas isolongifolol (15.5%), 2-nonanol (11.1%) and 7-hydroxycoumarin (9.7%) were the principal components of the dried flower oil. In the oils of both the fresh and dried leaves the major constituent was (E,E)-farnesol, although the proportion of this compound in the fresh leaf oil was considerably higher (37.3%) than that of the dried leaf oil (3.2%). (E,E)-farnesol was also the major component of the fresh twig oil (16.6%), but was absent from the dried twig oil, the major constituent of which was (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (2.4%); however, this was not detected in the fresh twig oil. Key Word Index: Philadelphus coronarius, Hydrangeaceae, essential oil composition, 2-nonanol, (E,E)-farnesol, isolongifolol.
Composition of the Essential Oils of Xanthium strumarium L. and Cetaurea solstitialis L. from Iran
By Akbar Esmaeili, Abdolhossein Rustaiyan, Mohammad T. Akbari, Nasrin Moazami, Shiva Masoudi and Hamzeh Amiri
Abstract: The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the stems and leaves of Xanthium strumarium L. and the aerial parts of Centaurea solstitialis L. (two Compositae species of Iran) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-two compounds representing 86.4% of the stem oil of Xanthium strumarium were identified, among which bornyl acetate (19.5%), limonene (15.0%) and β-selinene (10.1%) were the major ones. The leaf oil of the plant was characterized by higher amount of limonene (24.7%) and borneol (10.6%) among the 28 components comprising 85.2% of the total oil detected. Eighteen components were identified in the oil of Centaurea solstitialis representing 86.6% of the total oil with hexadecanoic acid (30.8%) and caryophyllene oxide (25.2%) as major constituents. Key Word Index: Xanthium strumarium, Centaurea solsitilialis, Compositae, essential oil composition, limonene, bornyl acetate, borneol, β-selinene, hexadecanoic acid, caryophyllene oxide.
The Essential Oil Composition of Copaifera trapezifolia Hayne Leaves
By Valdir F. Veiga, Angelo C. Pinto and Haroldo C. de Lima
Abstract: Samples of the leaves of Copaifera trapezifolia Hayne were collected every 3 h over a period of 24 h. Essential oils were isolated from each leaf sample and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major constituents were β-caryophyllene (33.5%) and germacrene D (10.9%). No circadian variation was observed. Key Word Index: Copaifera trapezifolia, Leguminoseae, Copaiba, essential oil composition, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D.
Alcoholic Extracts Composition from Lemon Fruits of the Amalfi-Sorrento Peninsula
By Marco Poiana, Attanasio Geraldina, Albanese Donatella and Di Matteo Marisa
Abstract: The composition of alcoholic extracts of lemons coming from the Amalfi and Sorrento areas were studied, namely samplings of the cultivars “Sfusato di Amalfi” and “Limone di Sorrento.” Lemons were taken monthly from six orchards in the Amalfi area and eight orchards in the Sorrento area. Lemon peels were submitted to alcoholic infusion similar to that used for the production of the “limoncello” drink. The extracts were analyzed by GC/MS and the volatile fractions were characterized. The compositions observed were similar to those reported for cold-pressed lemon essential oils, hydroalcoholic extracts and commercial “limoncello” drinks. The evolution during the season has underlined defined courses for some classes of components. The carbonyl-to-oxygenated compound ratio, alcohols-to-oxygenated compounds ratio and esters-to-oxygenated compounds ratio are indices of flavoring quality. These showed a similar trend for both lemon types. In comparison to other lemon productions a higher amount of minor classes of components were exhibited. Key Word Index: Citrus lemon, Rutaceae, lemon cultivars, extract composition, limoncello, limonene, β-pinene.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock from Cuba
By Jorge A. Pino, Rolando Marbot and M. Pilar Martí
Abstract: The chemical composition of the essential oil of Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock from Cuba was examined by combined GC and GC/MS. Among the 70 identified compounds, methyl chavicol (84.4%) was found to be the major constituent. Key Word Index: Helenium amarum, Asteraceae, essential oil composition, methyl chavicol.
Leaf Oil of Persea americana Mill. var. drymifolia cv. Duke Grown in Cuba
By Jorge A. Pino, Rolando Marbot and M. Pilar Martí
Abstract: The chemical composition of the leaf oil of Persea americana Mill. var. drymifolia cv. Duke grown in Cuba was studied by GC and GC/MS. One hundred and fourteen compounds of the oil were identified of which methyl chavicol (53.9%) was the major component. Key Word Index: Persea americana, Lauraceae, leaf oil composition, GC/MS, methyl chavicol.
Chemical Profile of the Dittrichia graveolens (Desf.) Greuter Essential Oil of Lebanese Origin
By Marwan W. Ghosn, Cyril B. Chemali, Farah I. Zaknoun and Najat A. Saliba
Abstract: Essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of two different Lebanese wild populations of Dittrichia graveolens were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. It was shown that around 90% of the total composition consisted of oxygenated compounds. The four major components identified were bornyl acetate (70.6-72.3%), T-cadinol (1.4-13.4%), borneol (2.7-12.4%), and caryophyllene oxide (1.9-2.3%), in addition to 21 minor ones. Oils from the two populations possessed a high content of bornyl acetate but differed with respect to borneol and T-cadinol. In comparison with oils of D. graveolens from other populations, it was found that the oil of D. graveolens of Lebanese origin was distinctly richer in oxygenated compounds. Key Word Index: Dittrichia graveolens, Inula graveolens, Asteraceae, essential oil composition, borneol, bornyl acetate, T-cadinol.
Chemical Composition of the Needle-Twig Oils of Pinus brutia Ten.
By Marwan W. Ghosn, Najat A. Saliba and Salma Y. Talhouk
Abstract: The variation in composition of the essential oils produced from different ratios of needles to terminal twigs of Pinus brutia Ten. in Lebanon was examined by GC and GC/MS. As the mass of the needles increased from 0-100% with respect to twig contents, the % oil yield decreased and the composition changed. Pure needle oil was found to be much richer in oxygenated compounds than that of pure twig oil with a corresponding reduction in amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons. Marker compounds were chosen in order to show the chemical variation of the oils with respect to different ratio of needles to twigs distilled. By computing both physical and chemical variations, it is suggested that a fair compromise between the yield and the concentration of oxygenated compounds is the 75% needle 25% twig mixture, which appears to be the most suitable proportion of plant material for pine oil production from P. brutia. Key Word Index: Pinus brutia, Pinaceae, essential oil composition, α-pinene, β-pinene, δ-3-carene, limonene, germacrene D.
Essential Oil Composition of Geigeria alata (DC.) Oliv. et Hiern. from Sudan
By A.A. Elegami, G.E.B. El Ghazali, W.E. Abdalla, G. Pintore, M. Chessa and B.Tirillini
Abstract: The essential oil composition of aerial parts of Geigeria alata from Sudan was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-nine compounds were identified representing 86.7% of the oil. The most abundant compounds were β-longipinene (8.8%), β-caryophyllene (7.4%), α-oxobisabolene (7.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (7.2%). Key Word Index: Geigeria alata, Asteraceae, essential oil composition, β-longipinene.
The Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Stem Bark Essential Oil of Goniothalamus cardiopetalus (Bl.) Hook.f. et Thoms.
By Abdulkhader Hisham, Nirmal Pathare, Salim Al-Saidi, G. Jayakumar, M.D. Ajitha Bhai and B. Harikumar
Abstract: A hydrodistilled oil obtained from the stem bark of Goniothalamus cardiopetalus (Annonaceae) was analyzed by GC/MS. The oil showed a total of 60 components of which 40 compounds representing 67.1% of the oil were identified. Linalool (11.7%), α-pinene (7.0%), trans-pinocarveol (5.2%), caryophyllene oxide (5.0%) α-terpineol (4.9%), guaiol (4.4%) camphor (3.9%) and bornyl acetate (3.9%) were found to be the major individual constituents of the oil. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was tested against a panel of 17 bacterial and six fungal strains by the disc diffusion method. The oil inhibited the growth of all test organisms at varying levels and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were also determined. Key Word Index: Goniothalamus cardiopetalus, Annonaceae, essential oil composition, antimicrobial activity.
Thymol: Inhibitory Activity on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Adhesion to Human Vaginal Cells
By Monica Dal Sasso, Maria Culici, Pier C. Braga, Enrico E. Guffanti and Manuela Mucci
Abstract: Adhesion is an important starting event in the pathogenesis of bacterial infection because the microorganisms must first adhere to host tissue in order to multiply and create a colony or colonies before specific symptoms allow the disease process to be detected. This is particularly true in the case of female urogenital infections, including urinary tract infections, bacterial vaginosis and vaginitis. Thymol is a component of thyme essential oil, which has been reported to possess interesting antimicrobial effects on various microorganisms; however, its ability to interact with the adhesion of bacteria (an important determinant of bacterial virulence) has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess whether thymol interferes with the adhesion of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to human vaginal epithelial cells. The adhesiveness of three strains of E. coli to vaginal cells was significantly reduced at thymol concentrations ranging from 1/2 MIC to 1/32 MIC, and in three strains of S. aureus at concentrations ranging from 1/2 MIC to 1/16 MIC. Sub-MICs down to 1/8 MIC also significantly reduced the hemagglutination of E. coli, which is correlated with fimbriation and thus provides a clue relating to the interference of thymol, a phenolic structure with an hydroxyl group, on the physico-chemical characteristics of the outer surface of bacteria. This is of interest for the strategy of protecting against vaginitis or vaginosis using drugs other than antibiotics. Key Word Index: Thymol, bacterial adhesiveness, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, human vaginal cells.
Volatile Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of the Flower Oil of Evodia lunu-ankenda (Gaertn) Merr.
By Baby Sabulal, Varughese George and Sugathan Shiburaj
Abstract: The flower oil of Evodia lunu-ankenda (Gaertn) Merr. (Rutaceae) obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Thirty-one out of 38 constituents comprising 95.1% of the oil were identified. The major constituents identified were evodione (38.9%), (E)-β-ocimene (12.4%), isolycodolin (11.7%) and alloevodionol (10.6%). The flower oil showed significant antibacterial activity, especially against the Gram-negative bacteria, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Key Word Index: Evodia lunu-ankenda, Euodia lunu-ankenda, Rutaceae, essential oil composition, evodione, (E)-β-ocimene, isolycodolin, alloevodionol, antibacterial activity.
The Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Essential Oil of Teucrium mascatenses Boiss. from Oman
By Abdulkhader Hisham, Nirmal Pathare, Salim Al-Saidi and Ahmed Al-Salmi
Abstract: A hydrodistilled oil from the leaves of Teucrium mascatense Boiss. was analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty-one components amounting to 91.2% of the oil were identified with linalool (27.8%), linalyl acetate (12.6%) and β-eudesmol (10.1%) being the major constituents of the oil. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was tested against a panel of 17 bacterial and six fungal strains by the disc diffusion method. The oil inhibited the growth of all test organisms at various levels. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were also determined. Key Word Index: Teucrium mascatensis, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, linalool, linalyl acetate, β-eudesmol, antimicrobial activity.
Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Hypericum hyssopifolium ssp. hyssopifolium from Southeast France
By Isabelle Schwob, Josette Viano, Ghislaine Jann-Para, Jean-Marie Bessière and Michel Dherbomez
Abstract: The oil of Hypericum hyssopifolium ssp. hyssopifolium aerial parts was analysed by GC and GC/MS. It was found to be rich in sesquiterpenoids and characterized by spathulenol (19.5 %) and two alkanols, tetradecanol (10.2%) and dodecanol (9.3%). Furthermore, the oil was screened for its antimicrobial activity against five microbial strains. However, only a moderate antimicrobial effect of this oil was found against four of the five tested strains. Key Word Index: Hypericum hyssopifolium ssp. hyssopifolium, Hypericaceae, essential oil composition, spathulenol, tetradecanol, antimicrobial activity.
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