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September/October 2006
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Essential Oil of Melissa romana (Miller) Grown in Southern Apulia (Italy)
By Antonio Miceli, Carmine Negro and Luca Tommasi
Abstract: The composition of the essential oil obtained from flowering tops of Melissa romana Miller wild grown in Southern Apulia (Italy) was investigated by GC and GC/MS. More than 90% of the compounds were characterized. β-Caryophyllene (15.8%), cumene (14.0%), β-pinene (12.0%) and citral (neral + geranial, 12.0%) were the major constituents of the oil. Key Word Index: Melissa romana, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, β-caryophyllene, cumene, β-pinene, citral.
Volatile Constituents of Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. ssp. stocksianum from Iran
By K. Jaimand, M.B. Rezaee, M.A. Soltanipoor and V. Mozaffarian
Abstract: The volatile constituents of Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. ssp. stocksianum were isolated by hydrodistillation and the essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-eight compounds representing 97.7% of the oil were identified of which camphene (20.6%), α-cadinol (19.7%), myrcene (10.2%) and carvacrol (9.9%) were major. Key Word Index: Teucrium stocksianum ssp. stocksianum, essential oil compostion, camphene, α-cadinol, myrcene.
Effect of Sample Preparation on the Amounts of α-Pinene and Verbenone Extracted from Rosemary
By Katie A. McCormick, Jamie S. Olivarez, Roy A. Fisher, Tal M. Nahir and Cindy L. Phelps
Abstract: Volatile compounds were obtained from fresh leaves of rosemary by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and steam distillation. It was found that the ratio of α-pinene to verbenone depended on the method of preparation of plant material, and that the yield of verbenone was largest from ground leaves, while the amount of α-pinene was greatest in whole leaves. The transformation of α-pinene to verbenone is thought to be the cause for the differences in the relative amounts of these two major components. Key Word Index: Rosmarinus officinalis, Lamiaceae, α-pinene, verbenone, supercritical fluid extraction, accelerated solvent extraction, steam distillation.
Volatiles of the Leaves, Stems and Flowers of Otacanthus azureus (Linden) Ronse
By Eloisa Helena A. Andrade, Léa Maria M. Carreira, Maria das Graças B. Zoghbi and Carmen Célia C. Conceição
Abstract: The volatiles of the leaves, stems and flowers of Otacanthus azureus were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oils of O. azureus were terpenoid in nature. Among the monoterpenes trans-pinocarveol was the major component (leaves: 14.8%, stems: 7.0%, flowers: 2.2%). β-Copaen-4α-ol was the main sesquiterpene found (leaves: 15.6%, stems: 24.3%, flowers 27.4%). Key Word Index: Otacanthus azureus, Scrophulariaceae, essential oil composition, trans-pinocarveol, β-copaen-4α-ol.
Composition of the Essential Oil of Dictamnus hispanicus from Spain
By Hugo Merle, María Ferriol, Herminio Boira and Amparo Blázquez
Abstract: The composition of the essential oil of Dictamnus hispanicus Webb ex. Willk. collected in eastern Spain was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents identified were methyl chavicol (79%) and limonene (7%). The high oil yield (72.0% fresh plant material) and the proportion of the main compounds support the consideration of D. hispanicus as a separate species of the S. and CS. Europe as D. albus aggregate or as a new chemotype of the polymorphic D. albus. Key Word Index: Dictamnus hispanicus, Dictamnus albus, Rutaceae, essential oil composition, methyl chavicol.
Volatile Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Salvia angulata H.B.K. of Venezuela
By Nélida G. Colmenares, Eymar García Medina and Alfredo Usubillaga
Abstract: The essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Salvia angulata H.B.K., (Lamiaceae) collected from southwestern Venezuela, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Among the 22 identified compounds, the major components were the sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons which made up 79.8% of the oil, with β-caryophyllene (27.7%), germacrene D (19.5%) and bicyclogermacrene (18.3%) as the most abundant ones. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes made up 14.2% of the oil, while the monoterpene fraction was only 3.3%. As far as we know, this is the first report on S. angulata essential oil. Key Word Index: Salvia angulata, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene.
Differences in the Essential Oils of the Leaves (Needles), Unripe and Ripe Berries of Juniperus communis L. Growing Wild in Vilnius District (Lithuania)
By Rita Butkienė, Ona Nivinskienė and Danutė Mockutė
Abstract: The twigs with unripe (green) and ripe (black) berries of J. communis L. were collected from five individual plants in five habitats. The essential oils obtained from fresh leaves, fresh unripe and ripe berries were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. α-Pinene dominated in all 15 oils (27.7-64.9%). The oils of unripe berries contained a larger amount of α-pinene than the oils of the leaves and ripe berries obtained from the same plant. Myrcene was found in eight berry oils and β-phellandrene in four leaf oils of four junipers and they were the second main compounds. The amount of myrcene was larger in the berry than in the leaf oils and it increased during ripening. The opposite correlation was found to occur for β-phellandrene. All oils of the fifth juniper contained α-cadinol as the second major constituent, which was the third in four unripe berry oils, in two ripe berry oils and in two leaf oils. Despite the quantitative differences (C10 55.2-85.1%; C15 12.7-42.4%) of the oils components the sum of mono- and sesquiterpenoids was similar (92.4-98.7%) in all samples. One hundred and 49 identified constituents comprised 94.9-99.2% of the oils. Key Word Index: Juniperus communis, Cupressaceae, essential oil composition, α-pinene, myrcene, β-phellandrene, α-cadinol.
Volatile Constituents of the Seeds, Roots and Non-Flowering Aerial Parts of Lepidium satvium L.
By Suleiman Afsharypuor and Mohammad-Esma’il Hadi
Abstract: Volatile constituents of the seeds, roots and dried non-flowering aerial parts of Lepidium sativum L. collected after hydrolysis were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main volatile constituents of the seeds were phenylacetonitrile (52.9%), benzyl isothiocyanate (26.2%) and 1,8-cineole (12.3%), while the main volatile constituents of the roots and the non-flowering aerial parts were benzyl isothiocyanate(65.0% and 24.5%), α-pinene (11.8% and 13.9%) and hexadecanoic acid (9.1% and 18.0%), respectively. Key Word Index: Lepidium sativum, Cruciferae, phenylacetonitrile, benzyl isothiocyanate, α-pinene, hexadecanoic acid, 1,8-cineole.
Geographic Variation in the Leaf Essential Oils of Juniperus sabina L. and J. sabina var. arenaria (E.H. Wilson) Farjon
By Robert P. Adams, Sanko Nguyen and Jianquan Liu
Abstract: The composition of the leaf oils from seven populations of J. sabina L., one population of Juniperus sabina var. arenaria (E. H. Wilson) Farjon were examined for their geographic variation. In addition, the leaf oils of J. chinensis L. and J. davurica Pall. were compared to J. sabina. Juniperus sabina var. arenaria, the sand loving juniper, oil was found to be very similar to that of J. davurica, Mongolia, and J. sabina, on sand dunes in Mongolia. This suggests that J. sabina var. arenaria might be conspecific with J. davurica. Farjon’s move (2001) of J. sabina var. arenaria out of J. chinensis is supported. Considerable differentiation was found in populations of J. sabina from the Iberian peninsula. Cedrol, citronellol, safrole, trans-sabinyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol and β-thujone were found to be polymorphic in several populations. Key Word Index: Juniperus sabina, var. arenaria, Juniperus chinensis, Juniperus davurica, Cupressaceae, essential oil composition, α-pinene, sabinene, limonene, trans-sabinyl acetate, cedrol, geographic variation, systematics.
Composition of the Essential Oils of Ferula szowitsiana DC., Artedia squamata L. and Rhabdosciadium petiolare Boiss. & Hausskn.ex Boiss. Three Umbelliferae Herbs Growing Wild in Iran
By Zohreh Habibi, Hamid Reza Aghaie, Ramin Ghahremanzadeh, Shiva Masoudi and Abdolhossein Rustaiyan
Abstract: Water-distilled essential oils from the aerial parts of Ferula szowitsiana DC. (syn. F. khorasanica Rech. F. et Aell. and F. microloba Boiss.), Artedia squamata L. and Rhabdosciadium petiolare Boiss. et Hausskn. ex Boiss., the last of which is endemic to Iran, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-three components representing 100% of the oil of F. szowitsiana were identified of which α-pinene (12.6%), germacrene D (12.5%) and β-pinene (10.1%) were found to be the major constituents. The oil of A. squamata was characterized by its richness in α-pinene (79.9%) among the 25 components comprising 99.6% of the total oil detected. Germacrene D (48.6%) was the main component among the 17 constituents characterized in the oil of R. petiolare representing 88.7% of the total components detected. Key Word Index: Ferula szowitsiana, Artedia squamata, Rhabdosciadium petiolare, Umbelliferae, essential oil composition, germacrene D, α-pinene, β-pinene.
Volatile Constituents from the Leaf Oil of Amomum muricatum Beddome
By Baby Sabulal, Varughese George and Mathew Dan
Abstract: Essential oil from the leaves of Amomum muricatum obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Fourteen constituents comprising 94.8% of the oil were identified, the major constituents of which were β-pinene (35.9%), δ-cadinene (8.9%), α-pinene (8.2%) and α-copaene (6.6%). Key Word Index: Amomum muricatum, Zingiberaceae, essential oil composition, β-pinene.
Identification of the Key Aroma Compounds in Dried Roots of Isatis tinctoria
By Mitsuo Miyazawa and Jyunichi Kawata
Abstract: The compositions of the essential oil from Baphicacanthis Rhizome, dried roots of Isatis tinctoria (Cruciferae), have been investigated by capillary GC and GC/MS. The important odor-active compounds were also detected in the oil using GC-O and AEDA. As a result, the oil was revealed to contain 70 components, representing 97.4% of the total oil. The oil was composed of many nitrogen-containing components, such as 4-pentenonitrile (67.4%), benzenepropanenitrile (3.6%), 5-methyl hexanenitrile (3.5%) and 4-isothiocynato-1-butene (2.9%). AEDA and GCO showed that 5-methyl hexanenitrile, skatole, benzenepropanenitrile, (E)-2-hexenal and menthol were the most aroma characteristic compounds of the oil. Key Word Index: Isatis tinctoria, essential oil composition, aroma extract dilution analysis, 4-pentenonitrile.
Comparison of the Essential Oils of Prangos turcica A. Duran, M. Sagiroglu et H. Duman Fruits Obtained by Different Isolation Techniques
By G. Özek, T. Özek, K.H.C. Başer, A. Duran, M. Sagiroglu and H. Duman
Abstract: The essential oils from fruits of Prangos turcica A. Duran, M. Sagiroglu et H. Duman were obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), microdistillation (MD), micro-steam distilled solid-phase microextraction (MSD-SPME) techniques and then analyzed by GC and GC/MS methods. The oils showed similar composition with some quantitative differences. The main components of the oils were found to be α-humulene, germacrene D, naphthalene, terpinolene, p-cymene, γ-elemene and bornyl acetate. Key Word Index: Prangos turcica, Umbelliferae, essential oil, hydrodistillation, microdistillation, SPME.
Composition of the Essential Oil of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. Fruits Obtained by Microdistillation
By K.H.C. Başer, G. Özek, T. Özek and A. Duran
Abstract: The microdistilled oil of the fruits of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-one constituents were characterized. The main components were found to be p-cymene (39.3%), spathulenol (7.3%), p-cymen-8-ol (5.9%), octanal (5.2%), (E)-β-ocimene (4.5%), (E)-2-decenal (3.2%) and (Z)-β-farnesene (3.1%). Key Word Index: Chaerophyllum macropodum, essential oil composition, p-cymene, spathulenol, p-cymen-8-ol, octanal, (E)-β-ocimene, (E)-2-decenal, (Z)-β-farnesene, microdistillation.
Study of Essential Oil Composition of Elyonurus hensii Schum from Congo
By Thomas Silou, Laurent Loubaki, Gilles Figuérédo and Jean-Claude Chalchat
Abstract: Seventy constituents were identified by GC and GC/MS analysis of the oils from the leaves and flower tips, stalks and roots of Elyonurus hensii Schum. The compounds p-cymene, p-mentha-2,8(9)-dien-1-ol, p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol, 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone, intermedeol and aristolone characterize and discriminate the underground and aerial parts of the plant. Key Word Index: Elyonurus hensii, Graminae, essential oil composition, p-cymene, p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol, aristolone.
Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees - a Benzyl Benzoate-Rich New Chemotype from Southern Western Ghats, India
By Koranappally B.Rameshkumar and Varughese George
Abstract: Leaf and stem bark oils of Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Benzyl benzoate was found to be the major constituent in the leaf oil (89.5%) as well as in the stem bark oil (98.2%). The results obtained varied considerably from the earlier reports on the leaf and stem bark oils of C. sulphuratum, suggesting that the material studied is a new natural chemotype. Key Word Index: Cinnamomum sulphuratum, Lauraceae, essential oil composition, benzyl benzoate.
Essential Oil of Piper xylosteoides (Kunth) Steud. from Federal District, Brazil
By Miriam Potzernheim, Alexandre F. Costa, Humberto R. Bizzo, Micheline Carvalho-Silva and Roberto F. Vieira
Abstract: The essential oil from Piper xylosteoides leaves from Federal District was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by a combination of gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Piper xylosteoides oil was found to contain a high oil yield (1.8% on dry weight basis). The oil obtained was characterized by being rich in myrcene (31%) and γ-terpinene (26%). Key Word Index: Piper xylosteoides, Piperaceae, essential oil composition, myrcene, γ-terpinene.
Composition of Turkish Lemon and Grapefruit Peel Oils
By Ş. İsmail Kirbaşlar, İsmail Boz and F. Gülay Kirbaşlar
Abstract: Lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.] and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) peel oils were obtained by cold-pressing lemon and grapefruit peels. The oils were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatograph (HRGC) and high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (HRGC/MS). In total, 42 and 27 components have been identified in lemon and grapefruit oils, respectively. Lemon oil showed a high content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (89.9%) with limonene (61.8%), γ-terpinene (10.6%) and β-pinene (8.1%) being the first three major components. Similarly, grapefruit oil was characterized by its higher content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (96.4%) of which limonene (92.5%) and myrcene (2.6%) were the first two major components. Grapefruit oil contained a lower amount of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols and esters than that in lemon oil. Key Word Index: Citrus limon, Citrus paradisi, Rutaceae, lemon oil, grapefruit oil, essential oil composition, limonene.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from Aerial Parts, Leaves, Flowers and Roots of Artemisia persica Boiss. from Iran
By Bibi Fatemeh Mirjalili, Mohammad Hossein Hakimi Meybody, Mohammad Mazloum Ardakani, Abdolhossein Rustaiyan, Nazak Ameri, Shiva Masoudi and Abdolhamid Bamoniri
Abstract: Sixty constituents were identified in essential oil from aerial parts, leaves, flowers and roots of Artemisia persica Boiss. from Iran. The oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and the composition of the oils were analyzed by a combination of GC and GC/MS. The oils obtained from aerial parts were rich in (Z)-ocimenone (39.6%), ascaridole (16.0%) and α-terpinene (10.0%). The major components of the leaves oil were cis-sabinene hydrate (38.8%) and terpinolene (13.3%). The flowers oil was characterized by higher amounts of cis-sabinene hydrate (41.2%) and ethyl 2-nonynoate (24.4%). β-Cedren-9-one (76.7%) was the predominant compound in the roots oil. Key Word Index: Artemisia persica, Compositae, essential oil composition, (Z)-ocimenone, ascaridole, α-terpinene, cis-sabinene hydrate, terpinolene, ethyl 2-nonynoate, β-cedren-9-one.
Constituents of the Volatile Oil of Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss. from Iran
By K. Javidnia, R. Miri, N. Edraki, M. Khoshneviszadeh and A. Javidnia
Abstract: The aerial parts of Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss. were hydrodistilled by use of a Clevenger-type apparatus. The yield of the oil was 0.5%. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixty-two components representing 89.7% of the oil were identified. The main components of the oil were (Z)-β-ocimene (35.5%), terpinolene (5.7%) and α-phellandrene (5.4%). Key Word Index: Ferulaogo angulata, Apiaceae, essential oil composition, (Z)-β-ocimene.
Chemical Constituents of Artemisia verlotiorum Essential Oil on Cultivation at the Subtropical Conditions of North India
By F. Haider, A.A. Naqvi and G.D. Bagchi
Abstract: The essential oil of Artemisia verlotiorum, which has been cultivated for the first time in the subtropical conditions of the north Indian plains, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Oils were produced from plants harvested both in their vegetative and flowering stages yielding oils of 0.9% and 0.6%, respectively. Thirty-three constituents amounting to 90-93% of the oil were identified. In both the stages, the major oil constituents were α-thujone (20.3-26.0%) and camphor (17.3-17.7%). The amounts of both constituents increased during flowering. Key Word Index: Artemisia verlotiorum, Asteraceae, subtropical cultivation, essential oil composition, α-thujone, camphor.
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Salvia officinalis L. Oil from Two Culture Sites in Tunisia
By Souad Fellah, Papa N. Diouf, Mathieu Petrissans, Dominique Perrin, Mehrez Romdhane and Manef Abderrabba
Abstract: Oils were produced from the aerial parts (leaves, stems and flowers) of Salvia officinalis cultivated in two culture sites in Tunisia. The herbage was hydrodistillated and the resulting oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. The composition of the oils obtained from the two culture sites reveals that they were quite similar, although some quantitative differences were found. The main components present in great quantity in the two phases (aqueous and organic) were the eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) and the α-thujone, while β-thujone was present as a minor component. The antioxidant properties of the organic phase were investigated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. The results showed that the oil obtained from the Tunisian site of Djebel possessed strong antioxidant properties. Key Word Index: Salvia officinalis, Labiatae, essential oil composition, 1,8-cineloe, α-thujone, camphor, β-caryophyllene, viridiflorol, antioxidant properties.
Volatile Constituents of the Leaf Oils of Piper aduncum L. from Different Regions of Pernambuco (Northeast of Brazil)
By José C.S. de Oliveira, Ivelton J.M. Dias, Claudio A.G. da Camara and Manfred O.E. Schwartz
Abstract: The essential oil of the leaves of six samples of Piper aduncum L. growing wild in two different region of Pernambuco, northeast of Brazil (Brejo da Madre de Deus – samples BMD1 - 3 and Serra Negra – samples SN1 - 3), were investigated by a combinations of GC and GC/MS. The characterized oil samples from different localities show a high percentage of oxygen-containing sesquiterpenes in both places (BMD1 - 3: 90.1-90.8% and SN1 - 3: 95.6-97.5%). Oxygen-containing monoterpenes represented less than 6% in BMD1 - 3 and less than 1% in SN1 - 3. Twelve compounds were identified representing more than 95% of each of the oil samples. (E)-Nerolidol was found to be the main component in all the samples being present in BMD1 – three in the range of 81.5 to 82.5% while in SN 1 - 3 79.2-81.2% were found. Despite the fact that some minor components are not present in each oil sample, this investigation showed the same compositions of the major components of the essential oils of these P. aduncum from different region of Pernanambuco. Longipinanol (BMD1 - 3: 2.4-5.6%; SN1 - 3: 11.1-13.6%) and epi-logipinanol (BMD1 - 3: 2.1-2.2%; SN1 - 3: 2.2-0.3%) are unusual components present in the samples, which could be identified for the first time in the P. aduncum species. Key Word Index: Piper aduncum, Piperaceae, essential oil composition, (E)-nerolidol, longipinanol.
The Essential Oils of Mosiera enrhengergii (O. Berg) Landrum (Myrtaceae) Originally from Mexico and M. longipes (O. Berg) Small from Florida
By Arthur O. Tucker, Michael J. Maciarello, Andrew Salywon and Leslie R. Landrum
Abstract: Essential oils of fragrant Mosiera enrhenbergii (O. Berg) Landrum (Myrtaceae), collected in Arizona from Mexican seed, and M. longipes (O. Berg) Small, collected in Florida, were examined by GC/MS/FID. Thirty-eight constituents were identified with dominant components of limonene (51.6±0.7%) and α-pinene (33.6±2.4%) in M. ehrenbergii and limonene (47.8±2.5%) in M. longipes. Key Word Index: Mosiera ehrenbergii, Mosiera longipes, Myrtaceae, essential oil composition, limonene, α-pinene.
Chemical Composition of the Ether and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Serbian Selected Tobacco Types: Yaka, Prilep and Otlja
By Niko Radulović, Gordana Stojanović, Radosav Palić and Slađana Alagić
Abstract: A study of the chemical composition of ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the Serbian selected tobacco types Yaka, Prilep and Otlja was performed using GC and GC/MS. The major constituents were: nicotine (24.2-58.9% of the total material detected in the ethyl acetate extracts and 46.1-49.5% of ether extracts), neophytadiene (4.0-17.9% of ethyl acetate extracts and 11.2-31.9% of ether extracts) and a mixture of n-, iso- and anteiso-alkanes (17.1-60.4% of ethyl acetate extracts and 8.4-24.7% of ether extracts). A detailed comparison of the obtained results with the composition of essential oils and supercritical CO2 extracts of the same tobacco types is presented. Key Word Index: Nicotiana tabacum, Solanaceae, tobacco cultivars, Yaka, Prilep, Otlja, extract composition, nicotine, neophytadiene, heptacosane, octacosane, nonacosane, hentriacontane.
Germacrene D Chemotype of Essential Oils of Leonurus cardiaca L. Growing Wild in Vilnius District (Lithuania)
By Danute Mockute, Genovaite Bernotiene and Asta Judzentiene
Abstract: The essential oils of wild Leonurus cardiaca L. collected at full flowering in six habitats in Vilnius district were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. About the half of the oils were consisted of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (48.8-62.2%). The oils from fresh dried plants were of the germacrene D (26.6-35.1%) chemotype. The other main constituents were β-caryophyllene (5.8-9.0%) and α-humulene (6.4-9.2%). Forty-nine identified compounds made up 73.1-84.8% of the oils. Key Word Index: Leonurus cardiaca, Labiatae, essential oil composition, germacrene D.
Essential Oils of Elettariopsis smithiae Y. K. Kam and E. rugosa (Y. K. Kam) C.K. Lim
By K.C. Wong, Y. Sivasothy and P.L. Boey
Abstract: The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves, rhizomes and roots of Elettariopsis smithiae Y.K. Kam and Elettariopsis rugosa (Y.K. Kam) C.K. Lim were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The oils of E. smithiae were dominated by monoterpenoids, the major components were geranial (38.1%) and neral (29.1%) in the leaf oil, and camphene (22.9%) and α-fenchyl acetate (15.7%) in the oil from the rhizomes and roots. The leaf oil of E. rugosa contained high levels of sesquiterpenoids, particularly spathulenol (29.5%), while the oil of the rhizomes and roots contained mainly monoterpenoids, with β-phellandrene (26.2%) and camphene (15.2%) being clearly the two most abundant components. Key Word Index: Elettariopsis smithiae, Elettariopsis rugosa, Zingiberaceae, essential oil composition, geranial, neral, camphene, α-fenchyl acetate, spathulenol, β-phellandrene, β-pinene.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Tagetes minuta L.
By M. Farshbaf Moghaddam, R. Omidbiagi and F. Sefidkon
Abstract: The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from Tagetes minuta L. cultivated in Iran. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main components were α-terpineol (20.8%), (Z)-β-ocimene (17.7%), dihydrotagetone (13.7%), (E)-ocimenone (13.3%), (Z)-tagetone (8.4%) and (Z)-ocimenone (6.1%). Key Word Index: Tagetes minuta, Asteraceae, Essential oil composition, α-terpineol, (Z)-β-ocimene, dihydrotagetone, (E)-ocimenone.
Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from Stems, Leaves, Fruits and Roots of Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss. from Iran
By Hamzeh Amiri, Ramezan A. Khavari-Nejad, Shiva Masoudi, Firoozeh Chalabian and Abdolhossein Rustaiyan
Abstract: The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the stems, leaves, fruits and roots of Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss. growing wild in the northwest of Iran were investigated by GC and GC/MS. The major constituents of the stem and fruit oils appeared to be curzerene (22.7% and 45.7%) and curzerenone (19.2% and 23.9%). The leaf and root oils were also characterized by high concentration of these compounds but in reversed order: curzerenone (21.8% and 56.6%) and curzerene (16.9% and 18.7%). Hexadecanoicacid (13.6% and 18.7%) was also prodominant in the stem and leaf oils. In this study antibacterial activities of stem, leaf, root and fruit oils of S. cordifolium against seven Gram-positive and -negative bacteria were determined by measuring the growth inhibitory zone. The oils showed significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The oil of root and fruit inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhi; the stem oil inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Shigella flexneri was insensitive to the oil. Key Word Index: Smyrnium cordifolium, Umbelliferae, essential oil composition, curzerene, curzerenone, hexadecanoic acid, antimicrobial activity.
Which is Better for Disc Diffusion Assays of Essential Oils — IsoSensitest or Nutrient Agar?
By Therese Moon, Heather Ma Cavanagh and Jenny M. Wilkinson
Abstract: The disc diffusion assay is often used for screening of essential oils for antimicrobial activity. In this paper we describe an investigation into whether differences exist in the zone of inhibition obtained with two agar types; IsoSensitest and nutrient agar. Standard disc diffusion assay was performed using both agar types using three essential oils against two bacteria and one yeast. Statistically significant differences in the size of zone of inhibition were recorded for the two agar types however differences were not found consistently across essential oil or organism types. These data suggest that there is a complex interaction between bacteria, the oil being assayed and agar type and that no generalizations about the superiority of one agar or another can be made. Key Word Index: Antimicrobial activity, disc diffusion, Iso-sensitest, lavender oil, lavandin oil, Lavandula allardi.
Chemical Composition, Antifungal and In Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Monarda didyma L. Essential Oil
By Daniele Fraternale, Laura Giamperi, Anahi Bucchini, Donata Ricci, Francesco Epifano, Giovanni Burini and Massimo Curini
Abstract: The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from Monarda didyma stem with leaves and flowers was analyzed by GC and GC/MS and the components identified were 22, mainly thymol (57.3% and 51.7%, respectively), γ-terpinene (9.3% and 14.3%), p-cymene (10.5% and 9.7%), δ-3-carene (4.5% and 6.2%) and myrcene (3.7% and 3.7%). The two oils were qualitatively similar. The antifungal activity of the oil was evaluated against four phytopathogenic fungi by direct contact with the Agar diffusion method and with the fungistatc action of the vapors using the Microatmosphere method. The most sensitive fungus resulted Rhizoctonia solani in the first test and Botrytis cinerea in the second. The antioxidant activity of the oil was evaluated by DPPH test, were the oil showed an effect comparable to Trolox, and by lipid peroxidation test, where the activity of the oil was similar to that of BHT. Key Word Index: Monarda didyma, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, thymol, linalool, antifungal activity, antioxidant activity.
Antifungal Activity of Three Essential Oils on Growth and Toxigenesis of Penicillium aurantiogriseum and Penicillium viridicatum
By Mustapha Khaddor, Ahmed Lamarti, Abdelrhafour Tantaoui-Elaraki, Mohammed Ezziyyani, Maria-Emilia Candela Castillo and Alain Badoc
Abstract: The effect of eucalyptus, rosemary and mugwort essential oils was evaluated on the mycelial growth and toxigenesis of Penicillium aurantiogriseum and P. viridicatum. A significant decrease in mycelial dry weight was obtained with the addition of 0.05-2.5% of each of the three essential oils in yeast extract sucrose broth. The inhibition of mycelium growth was tested on malt extract agar, Czapeck yeast agar, yeast extract sucrose agar and broth at constant pH, and was highly effective for mugwort, followed by eucalyptus. A complete inhibition of toxin production was observed with 0.44% of each essential oil for P. aurantiogriseum and 0.22% for P. viridicatum. Key Word Index: Antifungal activity, Artemisia herba-alba, Asteraceae, Eucalyptus globulus, Myrtaceae, Rosmarinus officinalis, Lamiaceae.
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