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November/December 2006
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An Investigation of the Leaf Oils of the Western Australian Broombush Complex (Melaleuca uncinata sens. lat.) (Myrtaceae)
By Joseph J. Brophy, Robert J. Goldsack, Lyn A. Craven and Wayne O’Sullivan
Abstract: The leaf oils of the 11 recorded Western Australian species of the broombush complex of the genus Melaleuca have been examined by a combination of GC and GC/MS. Melaleuca atroviridis produced a monoterpenic leaf oil with α-pinene (11.0%) and 1,8-cineole (73.2%) being the principal components. Melaleuca concreta showed the presence of three chemotypes, one of which was rich in terpinen-4-ol (35.4%), while a second was rich in 1,8-cineole (58-81%). A third chemotype contained significant amounts of α-pinene (16.7%), 1,8-cineole (28.4%) and globulol (11.3%). Melaleuca exuvia produced a monoterpenic oil, which appeared to exist in two chemotypes, which contained α-pinene (13-23%), 1,8-cineole (56-67%), terpinen-4-ol (0.1-2%) and α-terpineol (3-7%) in one form and α-pinene (5-7%), 1,8-cineole (28-38%), terpinen-4-ol (11-17%) and α-terpineol (3-4%) in the second form. Melaleuca hamata produced a leaf oil that was dominated by monoterpenes. There appeared to be two chemotypes present, one in which terpinen-4-ol (41.6%) was the major component and a second chemotype in which 1,8-cineole (40.0%) and linalool (33.9%) were the principal components. Melaleuca interioris (from one population) contained a mixture of mono- and sesquiterpenes, in which sesquiterpenes predominated. Melaleuca osullivanii gave a leaf oil in which sesquiterpenes predominated, the principal component being spathulenol (10-18%). Melaleuca scalena produced a leaf oil dominated by monoterpenes, with α-pinene (25-31%) and 1,8-cineole (43-55%) being the principal components. Melaleuca stereophloia was dominated by monoterpenes of which the principal component was 1,8-cineole (78-83%). Melaleuca uncinata sens. strict. existed in a variety of forms one of which had major amounts of 1,8-cineole (44-56%), while a second contained major amounts of terpinen-4-ol (21-31%), γ-terpinene (10-14%) and α-terpinene (6-8%). Melaleuca vinnula appeared to exist in two chemotypes, one of which was rich in α-pinene (65.3%), while the second chemotype was rich in 1,8-cineole (60.6%). Melaleuca zeteticorum produced a leaf oil that was overwhelmingly monoterpene in character, the principal component being 1,8-cineole (63-68%). Key Word Index: Melaleuca atroviridis, Melaleuca concreta, Melaleuca exuvia, Melaleuca hamata, Melaleuca interioris, Melaleuca osullivanii, Melaleuca scalena, Melaleuca stereophloia, Melaleuca uncinata, Melaleuca vinnula, Melaleuca zeteticorum, Myrtaceae, broombush, essential oil composition, α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, spathulenol.
Composition of the Essential Oil of Phlomis nissolii L.
By Nese Kirimer, K. Hüsnü Can Başer and Mine Kürkcüoglu
Abstract: Composition of the water-distilled oil of Phlomis nissolii L., endemic in Turkey, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Eighteen compounds were identified representing 92.6% of the total oil. Germacrene D (33.9%), bicyclogermacrene (15.3%) and (Z)-β-farnesene (10.7%) were the main constituents in the oil. Key Word Index: Phlomis nissolii, Labiatae, essential oil composition, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, (Z)-β-farnesene.
A Preliminary Examination of the Composition of the Seed Oil of Matthiola anchoniifolia Hub.-Mor. Obtained by Microdistillation
By N. Kirimer, G. Özek, T. Özek, K.H.C. Başer and A. Duran
Abstract: An essential oil obtained from the crushed seeds of Matthiola anchoniifolia Hub.-Mor. (Cruciferae) was obtained by microdistillation and analyzed by both GC and GC/MS. Octyl acetate (21.2%) was identified as the main constituent in the oil. Sulfur compounds responsible for the foul odor of the oil comprised 34.7%. They consisted of isopropyl isothiocyanate (16.9%), dimethyl trisulfide (8.8%), dimethyl disulfide (4.7%) and isobutyl isothiocyanate (4.3%). Key Word Index: Matthiola anchoniifolia, Cruciferae, essential oil composition, octyl acetate, isopropyl isothiocyanate.
Constituents of Rhizome Essential Oils of Two Types of Cyperus articulatus L. Grown in Nigeria
By Nureni O. Olawore, Lamidi A. Usman, Isiaka A. Ogunwande and Kasali A. Adeleke
Abstract: The essential oils of the rhizomes of the red and black types of Cyperus articulatus L. were investigated by GC and GC/MS. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes constituted the bulk of both oils (54.2% and 52.1% for the red and black types, respectively). The major components of the oil of the red type were cyperotundone (42.3%), piperitone (10.1%), β-maaliene (8.4%) and germacrone (5.3%), while the oil of the black type had an abundance of cedrol (19.0%), guaia-5-en-11-ol (14.9%) and cyperotundone (9.6%). Key Word Index: Cyperus articulatus, Cyperaceae, essential oil composition, cyperotundone, piperitone, cedrol, guaia-5-en-11-ol.
Extensive Study on the Minor Constituents of the Essential Oil of Eucalyptus dives Schau. Type
By Berthold Weber, Beate Hartmann, Detlef Stöckigt, Birgit Kohlenberg, Claus O. Schmidt, Heinz-Jürgen Bertram and Bernd Hölscher
Abstract: An oil of the piperitone type of Eucalyptus dives produced from trees cultivated in South Africa was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Seventy-three constituents were characterized with piperitone ranging from 29.2% to 64.9%, depending on whether the oil was produced from dried or fresh leaves. Two novel constituents such as p-menth-5-en-2-one and p-menth-6-en-3-one were characterized as minor constituents of the oil; the former being found in nature for the first time. Key Word Index: Eucalyptus dives Myrtaceae, essential oil composition, piperitone, p-menth-5-en-2-one, p-menth-6-en-3-one.
Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Lantana indica Roxb. Leaves
By M. Sohail Akhtar, Mohammed Ali, Madhurima and Showkat R. Mir
Abstract: A steam-distilled essential oil obtained from the leaves of Lantana indica Roxb. (Verbenaceae), infesting large areas in India and used variously in Indian system of medicine, was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Quantitatively, the oil contained about 42% monoterpenes and 51% sesquiterpenes. The predominant component was α-humulene (17.8%) followed by δ-3-carene (15.6%), sabinene (14.8%), (E)-nerolidol (9.2%), β-selinene (8.6%) and globulol (7.7%). Key Word Index: Lantana indica, verbenaceae, essential oil composition, α-humulene, δ-3-carene.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Four Plumeria Species Grown on Peninsular Malaysia
By Norsita Tohar, Khalijah Awang, Mustafa A. Mohd. and Ibrahim Jantan
Abstract: The flower oils of four Plumeria L. species; P. obtusa L., P. acuminata Ait. (yellow flower), P. rubra L. (pink flower) and P. rubra (orange flower) hydrodistilled from samples grown on peninsular Malaysia, were analyzed by gas chromatography on two columns of different polarity and GC/MS. The oil of P. obtusa was found to be rich in benzyl salicylate (45.4%) and benzyl benzoate (17.2%), but also minute concentrations of alkanoic acids. Oil obtained from P. acuminata was rich in palmitic acid (36.2%), linoleic acid (16.8%), lauric acid (10.4%) and myristic acid (10.3%). The pink flowered P. rubra oil was similar to P. acuminata oil in that it was also devoid of benzyl salicylate and benzyl benzoate and rich in alkanoic acids but linoleic acid was absent in the oil of the former. However, the orange flowered P. rubra oil contained both the non-terpene esters (benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and 2-phenylethyl benzoate) and alkanoic acids in significant amounts. The orange flowered cultivar had the highest concentration of (E)-nerolidol (14.4%) and geraniol (4.1%) among the species studied. Key Word Index: Plumeria obtusa, Plumeria acuminata, Plumeria rubra, Apocynaceae, essential oil composition, benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate, hexadecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, linoleic acid, (E)-nerolidol.
Terpenoid Essential Oil Metabolism in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Following Elicitation
By Cícero Deschamps and James E. Simon
Abstract: The induction of terpenoid biosynthesis has been observed in many plant species. The accumulation of the terpenoid essential oils in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) following elicitors treatment was investigated in this work. Plants that exhibited the same stage of development after approximately two weeks in a hydroponic system were selected for treatment with the elicitors chitosan, methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate. Following elicitation, plants were manually collected and the remaining non-harvested plants were collected after 72 h, 96 h, 144 h and 192 h. The time-course of terpenoid accumulation showed significant higher levels of the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene and the monoterpenes linalool, 1,8-cineole and limonene. Treatment of plants with chitosan resulted in no induction of the monoterpene limonene and the response on concentration of the other terpenoids was more varied compared to methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate. Elicitation with methyl jasmonate required the longest time period (192 h after initiation of treatment) to show a significant increase in terpenoid production and also resulted in the most uniform response in biosynthesis comparing to the other elicitors. Induction by methyl salicylate occurred in a shorter time frame compared with the other elicitors. The total percentage increase of terpenes at the end of the experiment with respect to the beginning showed a lower effect on methyl salicylate and chitosan treated plants. Methyl jasmonate was the only elicitor that resulted in total percentage increase of β-caryophyllene, 1,8-cinelole, linalool and limonene. Key Word Index: Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, elicitors, chitosan, methyl salicylate, methyl jasmonate.
Comparative Chemical Composition of Steam-Distilled and Water-Soluble Essential Oils of South American Marigold (Tagetes minuta L.)
By B.R. Rajeswara Rao, P.N. Kaul, A.K. Bhattacharya, D.K. Rajput, K.V. Syamasundar and S. Ramesh
Abstract: Flowering shoot biomass of field-grown South American marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) was hydrodistilled in Clevenger-type apparatus, steam-distilled in a field distillation unit and the distillation water was collected. Chemical profiles of hydrodistilled, steam-distilled and water-soluble (recovered from the distillation water of field distillation unit employing hexane as the solvent) essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The solubility of T. minuta oil in cold water at room temperature (30°C), in hot water (80°C) and the efficiencies of hydrodistillation and hexane methods for isolating dissolved oil in water were studied under laboratory conditions. The solubility of the oil ranged from 0.11% in cold water to 0.15% in hot water. Hydrodistillation recovered 33.3-36.7% of dissolved oil in hot water and 55.0-60.0% of dissolved oil in cold water. Hexane extraction recovered 82.7-83.3% of dissolved oil in hot water and 90.0-90.5% of dissolved oil in cold water. Hydrodistilled and steam-distilled oils were richer in monoand sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, while the water-soluble oil was richer in oxygenated monoterpenes (83.1–93.5%). Hydrodistilled and steam-distilled oils contained (Z)-β-ocimene (13.6–42.2%), dihydrotagetone + (E)-β-ocimene (14.8–30.3%), (Z)-tagetone (7.1–11.9%), (Z)-ocimenone (3.7–5.9%) and (E)-ocimenone (1.8–12.7%) as their major constituents. The main components of the water-soluble oil were: dihydrotagetone + (E)-β-ocimene (3.9–6.8%), (Z)-tagetone (6.2–7.9%), (E)-ocimenone (10.7–13.0%) and geraniol + linalyl acetate (47.5–52.0%). Key Word Index: Tagetes minuta, Asteraceae, distillation procedures, water-soluble oil, essential oil composition, (Z)-β-ocimene, dihydrotagetone, (E)-β-ocimene, geraniol, linalyl acetate.
Composition of the Leaf Oils of Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum hyemale A. St. Hill, Z. rhoifolium Lam. and Z. rugosum A. St. Hill et. Tul.
By Neusa F. de Moura, Juliana O. Strapazzon, Felipe Loro, Ademir F. Morel and Adriana Flach
Abstract: The volatile oil composition obtained from the leaves of Zanthoxylum hyemale, Z. rhoifolium and Z. rugosum have been investigated by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-five compounds were identified representing ca. 93.8%, 93.1% and 90.1% of the oils, respectively. The main constituents of the oil of Z. hyemale were found to be (E)-nerolidol (49.8%) and germacrene D (13.5%). The oils of Z. rhoifolium and Z. rugosum were found to contain germacrene D (11.7% and 28.8%, respectively) and bicyclogermacrene (35.4% and 26.8%). Key Word Index: Zanthoxylum hyemale, Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, Zanthoxylum rugosum, essential oil composition, (E)-nerolidol, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene.
Composition of the Essential Oils of Orchis italica and Orchis quadripunctata from Greece
By Eleni Melliou, Eleftherios Kalpoutzakis, Prokopios Magiatis and Eugenia Tsitsa
Abstract: The essential oils of the inflorescences of Orchis italica and Orchis quadripunctata were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-two compounds were identified and the major components were linear hydrocarbons (mainly tricosane and pentacosane) and linear aldehydes (mainly nonanal). Key Word Index: Orchis italica, Orchis quadripunctata, Orchidaceae, essential oil composition, nonanal, tricosane, pentacosane, heptacosane.
Volatile Constituents of Meristotropis xanthioides Vassilez. and Lotus michauxianus Ser. from Iran
By Abdolhossein Rustaiyan, Mohammad A. Khalilzadeh, Bahman Eslami, Shiva Masoudi and Mahmoud Tajbakhsh
Abstract: The water-distilled volatile oils from aerial parts of Meristotropis xanthioides Vassilez. and Lotus michauxianus Ser., two Paplionaceae species of Iran, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Myrcene (20.6 %), limonene (18.9%) and β-caryophyllene (11.8%) were the main components among the 22 constituents characterized in the oil of Meristotropis xanthioides, representing 94.0% of the total components detected. Ten compounds were identified in the oil of Lotus michauxanus representing 97.9% of the total oil with limonene (43.4%), (Z)-β-ocimene (18.9%) and α-eudesmol (15.9%) as main constituents. Both oils were richer in monoterpene hydrocarbons than sesquiterpenes. Key Word Index: Meristotropis xanthioides, Lotus michauxianus, Papilionaceae, essential oil composition, myrcene, limonene, β-caryophyllene, (Z)-β-ocimene, α-eudesmol.
Investigation on Himalayan Artemisia Species VI: Essential Oil Constituents of Artemisia myriantha Wall. ex Bess. var. pleiocephala (Pamp.) Ling.
By G.C. Shah and C.S. Mathela
Abstract: Essential oil from Artemisia myriantha var. pleiocephala was analyzed by GC and GC/MS and 34 constituents were identified. 1,8-Cineole (5.2%), chrysanthenone (8.4%), germacrene D (18.4%), β-eudesmol (12.9%) and β-pinene oxide (4.1%) were found to be the major constituents of the oil. Key Word Index: Artemisia myriantha var. pleiocephala, Asteraceae, essential oil composition, germacrene D, β-eudesmol.
Essential Oil Composition of Nepeta gloeocephala Rech. f. from Iran
By Javad Safaei-Ghomi, Abdolhamid Bamoniri, Mahboobeh Haghani and Hossein Batooli
Abstract: The volatile components of Nepeta gloeocephala Rech. f. (Lamiaceae) grown in Iran obtained by hydrodistillation of aerial parts was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-nine compounds, constituting 99.98% of the oil, were characterized. Among them 1,8-cineole (35.2%), β-pinene (21.8%), sabinene (7.8%), (E)-β-ocimene (7.1%), α-pinene (7.1%) and (Z)-β-ocimene (6.9%) were the major components of the oil, which was obtained in 1.3% yield. Key Word Index: Nepeta gloeocephala, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, 1,8-cineole, β-pinene.
Linalool-Rich Essential Oil from the Rhizomes of Zingiber roseum Rosc.
By Om Prakash, A.K. Pant and C.S. Mathela
Abstract: The combination of GC and GC/MS analysis of the essential oil obtained from the rhizome of Zingiber roseum Rosc. revealed the presence of over 44 compounds of which 36 compounds have been identified comprising 94.9% of the oil. The oil was found to be rich in linalool (53.3%) with lesser amounts of limonene (14.0%), β-pinene (9.3%) and α-pinene (4.4%) being among the other constituents. The marker components of the family Zingiberaceae such as borneol (0.9%) and β-eudesmol (1.4%) were found to be present in relatively low concentrations in the oil. This is the first report on composition of the oil from rhizome of Z. roseum. Key Word Index: Ziginber roseum, Zingiberaceae, essential oil composition, linalool, limonene.
Essential Oils of Tordylium pestalozzae Boiss., Tordylium pustulosum Boiss. and Tordylium lanatum (Boiss.) Boiss. (Umbelliferae) Growing Wild in Turkey
By Alev Tosun, Mine Kürkçüoglu and K. Hüsnü Can Başer
Abstract: The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from fruits of Tordylium pestalozzae Boiss., Tordylium pustulosum Boiss. and Tordylium lanatum (Boiss.) Boiss. (Umbelliferae) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In total, 47 compounds were characterized, representing 95.9% of T. pestalozzae oil, 30 compounds were characterized, representing 98.3% of T. pustulosum oil and 38 compounds were characterized, representing 97.2% of the oil of T. lanatum. The main constituents were octyl hexanoate (56.0%), octyl octanoate (15.7%), octanol (14.5%) and hexadecanoic acid (6.0%) in T. pestalozzae; octyl hexanoate (68.8%), octyl 2-methylbutyrate (17.8%) and octanol (4.2%) in T. pustulosum; and octyl hexanoate (58.8%) and octanol (21.5 %) in the oils of T. lanatum. Key Word Index: Tordylium pestalozzae, Tordylium pustulosum, Tordylium lanatum, Umbelliferae, essential oil composition, octyl hexanoate, octyl octanoate, octanol, octyl 2-methylbutyrate.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils from Cultivated and Wild Grown St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum)
By Paschalina S. Chatzopoulou, Theodoros V. Koutsos and Stavros T. Katsiotis
Abstract: The GC, GC/MS analysis revealed more than 80 individual components in the volatile fractions of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) grown in Greece, from which 69 have been identified. Germacrene D was the main component found in the hydrodistilled oils from wild-grown (22.8%) and cultivated plants (16.9%), respectively, followed by 2-methyloctane (10.8-17.8%), β-caryophyllene (6.6-10.3%), α-pinene (5.2-10.1%) and bicyclogermacrene (4.1-4.8%). Fourteen of the constituents characterized in the oils of wild-grown plants were not detected in the oils of cultivated plants. Key Word Index: Hypericum perforatum, Guttiferae, St. John’s Wort, essential oil composition, germacrene D, 2-methyloctane, β-caryophyllene, α-pinene.
Essential Oil Composition of Vetiveria nigritana from Mali
By Pascal Champagnat, Gilles Figueredo, Jean-Claude Chalchat and Jean-Marie Bessière
Abstract: An oil was obtained from roots of Vetiveria nigritana (Benth.) Stapf collected in Mali and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Fifty-four constituents (79.7% of the whole oil) were identified. Prezizanoic acid (15.0%), preziza-7(15)- en-12-ol (9.5%), cedren-8-en-15-ol (6.2%), preziza-7(15)-en-3α-ol (6.0%) and zizanoic acid (5.9%) were the major components of Vetiveria nigritana oil. Key Word Index: Vetiveria nigritana, Poaceae, essential oil composition, prezizanoic acid.
Volatiles of Hypericum bupleuroides Griseb.
By Fatih Demirci and K. Hüsnü Can Başer
Abstract: Hypericum bupleuroides Griseb. (Guttiferae) was collected from the north eastern region of Turkey. The aerial parts were subjected to microdistillation for the isolation of volatiles that were subsequently analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The investigation resulted in the characterization of 30 components representing 92% of the total volatiles. Sesquiterpenes such as β-sesquiphellandrene (33.2%) and β-caryophyllene (20.2%) were assigned as major compounds. Key Word Index: Hypericum bupleuroides, Guttiferae, microdistillation, essential oil composition, β-caryophyllene, β-sesquiphellandrene.
The Leaf Essential Oils of Drummondita calida (Rutaceae: Boronieae)
By Joseph J Brophy, Robert J Goldsack and Paul I. Forster
Abstract: The leaf oil of Drummondita calida, isolated in 0.8% yield, was subjected to analysis by GC and GC/MS. The oil was dominated by monoterpenes, with α-pinene (79–86%) being the principal component. Key Word Index: Drummondita calida, Rutaceae, essential oil composition, α-pinene.
The Leaf Essential Oils of the Genus Calocedrus
By Robert P. Adams, Sanko Nguyen, Chang-Fu Hsieh and Guan Kaiyun
Abstract: Farjon (1) considers the genus Calocedrus as containing just three species, C. decurrens (w. N. America), C. macrolepis (S.W. China, N. Vietnam, N. Thailand) and C. formosana (Taiwan). The leaf oils were analyzed and compared to the oil of the closely related species, Platycladus orientalis (E., N.E. China, Korea, far eastern Russia). The oils of C. macrolepis and C. formosana were very similar, being high in α-pinene (57.2% and 67.1%, respectively) and myrcene (11.2% and 6.2%), but they differed in several smaller components. The oils of C. decurrens from two populations in Oregon and one disjunct population in southern California were high in δ-3-carene (15.2–20.2%), limonene (18.2–23.6%), α-pinene (8.7–15.8%), terpinolene (5.7–8.0%), α-fenchyl acetate (3.5–9.7%), with some cedrol (0.8–1.2%). No large differences in oil compositions were seen between the three C. decurrens populations. Platycladus orientalis (= Thuja orientalis, = Biota orientalis) was found to contain considerable amounts of δ-3-carene (29.8%), cedrol (22.2%), α-pinene (15.1%) and terpinolene (4.9%). Overall, the oil of C. decurrens is as different from C. macrolepis and C. formosana as it is from P. orientalis, suggesting considerable divergence between Calocedrus species, but not between C. macrolepis and C. formosana. These leaf oil analyses support the recognition of C. macrolepis var. formosana in Taiwan as treated in the Flora of China. Key Word Index: Calocedrus decurrens, Calocedrus macrolepis, Calocedrus formosana, Calocedrus macrolepis var. formosana, Platycladus orientalis, Biota orientalis, Thuja orientalis, Cupressaceae, essential oil composition, α-pinene, myrcene, δ-3-carene, limonene, cedrol, geographic variation, systematics.
Volatile Constituents of Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Peel Oil from Burundi
By Simon Muhoho Njoroge, Hellen Njoki Mungai, Hiroshi Koaze, Nguyen Thi Lan Phi and Masayoshi Sawamura
Abstract: The essential oil constituents of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) grown in Burundi were extracted by coldpressing method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Fifty-eight constituents, amounting to 97.2% of the total volatiles were identified. Monoterpene hydrocarbons accounted for the most abundant chemical group (94.7%). Limonene was the most prominent constituent (84.8%), followed by γ-terpinene (5.4%), myrcene (2.2%) and α-pinene (1.1%). Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons accounted for a minor quantity (0.2%), where germacrene D and valencene were the main constituents. Oxygenated compounds of various chemical groups constituted 2.3%. Aliphatic aldehydes (0.7%) and terpene alcohols (0.7%) were the major chemical groups. The main constituents were linalool (0.7%), octanal (0.5%) and decanal (0.2%). Octyl acetate, α-sinensal, decanol and perillaldehyde occurred at 0.1% levels. Thymol, α-sinensal, methyl thymol, and the acetate esters, bornyl, α-terpinyl, geranyl, citronellyl and decyl acetates were detected, each at < 0.05%. Key Word Index: Citrus reticulata, Rutaceae, mandarin oil, essential oil composition, limonene.
Chemical Composition of the Leaf Oil of Mentha rotundifolia (L.) from Algeria
By M. Brada, M. Bezzina, M. Marlier and G.C. Lognay
Abstract: Two Algerian origin oils of Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Hud. were analyzed by means of GC and GC/MS. Piperitenone oxide (23.5–38.6%) and cis-piperitone oxide (28.1–30.5%) were the two main constituents of the oils analyzed. Key Word Index: Mentha rotundifolia, Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, piperitenone oxide, cis-piperitone oxide.
California Lomatiums, Part VI. Composition of the Essential Oils of Lomatium foeniculaceum ssp. fimbriatu
By Philip S. Beauchamp, Barbara C. Dev and Vasu Dev
Abstract: The fruit essential oil of Lomatium foeniculaceum ssp. fimbriatum collected from the Inyo National Forest in California contained myrcene (24.5%), β-phellandrene/limonene (12.9%), germacrene D (13.9%), (E)-β-ocimene (10.4%), and (Z)-ligustilide (9.8%) as the major components. Germacrene D and (Z)-ligustilide also constituted the major components of the stem and leaf oil. (Z)-Falcarinol (38.1%) was the major component of the root essential oil. Key Word Index: Lomatium foeniculaceum ssp. fimbriatum, Apiaceae, essential oil composition, myrcene, β-phellandrene, limonene, (E)-β-ocimene, germacrene D, (Z)-ligustilide, (Z)-falcarinol.
Chemical Constituents of the Leaf and Seed Oils of Peucedanum officinale L. Cultivated in Iran
By K. Jaimand, E. Sharifi Ashorabadi and M. Dini
Abstract: The volatile constituents of Peucedanum officinale L were isolated by hydrodistillation and the essential oil were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-eight compounds representing 98.7% of the oil in leaf were identified, of which fenchone (27.7%), (E)-b-ocimene (18.7%) and b-pinene (8.1%) were major. Twenty-two compounds representing 99.7% of the oil in the seeds were identified, of which fenchone (32%), (E)-β-ocimene (17.8%), and (Z)-β-ocimene (9.4%) were major. Key Word Index: Peucedanum officinale, common hog fennel, essential oil compostion, fenchone, (E)-β-ocimene.
The Essential Oil Composition of Phlomis cancellata Bunge
By Katayoun Morteza-Semnani, Kamran Moshiri and Mohammad Akbarzadeh
Abstract: The essential oil of Phlomis cancellata Bunge (Labiatae) collected from the suburb of Nour, northern Iran, in July 2004, was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by means of GC and GC/MS for the first time. Fifty-three components were identified in this oil. The major constituents of the essential oil were germacrene D (25.6%) and α-pinene (6.4%). Key Word Index: Phlomis cancellata, Labiatae, essential oil composition, germacrene D, α-pinene.
Volatile Constituents of the Flowering Aerial Parts, Fruits and Roots of Cardaria draba L.
By Suleiman Afsharypuor and Mariam Jamali
Abstract: Volatile constituents of the dried flowering aerial parts, fruits and roots of Cardaria draba L. collected after hydrolysis were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major volatile constituents of the flowering aerial parts were 3-butenyl isothiocyanate (80.5%) and 4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate (5.6%), while the main volatile constituents of the fruits were 4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate (72.1%), heptadecane (7.0%), hexadecane (6.8%) and octadecane (5.8%).The main volatile constituents of the roots were 4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate (30.0%), hexadecanoic acid (24.1%), isobutyl isothiocyanate (14.3%), 3-butenyl isothiocyanate (5.9%) and α-pinene (5.4%). Key Word Index: Cardaria draba, Cruciferae, volatile constituents, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate, 4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate (sulforaphane), isobutyl isothiocyanate, hexadecanoic acid.
Constituents of the Volatile Oil of Inula oculus-christi L. from Iran
By Katayoun Javidnia, Armita Banani, Ramin Miri, Mohammad Kamalinejad and Azita Javidnia
Abstract: The essential oil of Inula oculus-christi was examined by GC and GC/MS. Sixty compounds were identified representing 90.6% of the oil. The major components were pentacosane (13.7%), palmitic acid (13.6%), dill apiole (11.4%), methyl eugenol (9.6%) and viridiflorol (5.7%). Key Word Index: Inula oculus-christi, Compositae, pentacosane, palmitic acid, dill apiole.
Essential Oil Composition of Pimpinella barbata (DC.) Boiss. from Iran
By Ali Reza Fakhari and Ali Sonboli
Abstract: The essential oil composition from the aerial parts of Pimpinella barbata (DC.) Boiss. (Apiaceae) at full-flowering stage from Iran was studied by GC and GC/MS. A total of 32 compounds have been identified, accounting for 97.0% of the total oil. Analysis of the oil showed that the oil of P. barbata was rich in a phenylpropanoid fraction, in which methyl eugenol (34.0%) and elemicin (6.9%) were the two main constituents. The main compouds of monoterpene fraction were limonene (26.6%), sabinene (6.7%) and perillaldehyde (5.2%). Key Word Index: Pimpinella barbata, Apiaceae, essential oil composition, methyl eugenol, limonene.
Volatile Oils of Ducrosia assadii Alava. and Prangos acaulis (DC.) Bornm. from Iran
By Abdolhossein Rustaiyan, Hefzollah Mazloomifar, Shiva Masoudi and Zahra Aghjani
Abstract: The water distilled oils from the aerial parts of Ducrosia assadii Alava., endemic in Iran, and Prangos acaulis (DC.) Bornm. were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Decanal (36.4%) was the main components among the 29 constituents characterized in the oil of D. assadii, representing 88.3% of the total components detected. Twenty-three compounds were identified in the oil of P. acaulis, representing 90.0% of the total oil, with cis-sesquisabinene hydrate (25.6%) and α-pinene (12.5%) as main constituents. Key Word Index: Ducrosia assadii, Prangos acaulis, Umbelliferae, essential oil composition, decanal, cis-sesquisabinene hydrate, α-pinene.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Artemisia herba-alba Asso Grown in Algeria
By Tahar Dob and Tarek Benabdelkader
Abstract: The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Artemisia herba-alba Asso growing wild in M’sila-Algeria, was investigated using both capillary GC and GC/MS techniques. The oil yield was 1.02% based on dry weight. Sixty-eight components amounting to 94.7% of the oil were identified, 33 of them being reported for the first time in Algerian A. herba-alba oil and 21 of these components have not been previously reported in A. herba-alba oils. The oil contained camphor (19.4%), trans-pinocarveol (16.9%), chrysanthenone (15.8%) and β-thujone (15%) as major components. Monoterpenoids are the main components (86.1%), and the irregular monoterpenes fraction represented a 3.1% yield. Key Word Index: Artemisia herba-alba, Asteraceae, essential oil composition, camphor, trans-pinocarveol, chrysanthenone, β-thujone.
Volatile Oil Constituents of Campomanesia phaea (O. Berg) Landrum (Myrtaceae)
By Roberto Tsuyoshi Adati and Vicente de Oliveira Ferro
Abstract: The oil of fresh leaves of Campomanesia phaea (O. Berg) Landrum from São Paulo (Brazil) Atlantic forest, was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main components of the oil were caryophyllene oxide (11.7%), linalool (11.1%) and β-selinene (6.9%). Key Word Index: Campomanesia phaea, Myrtaceae, essential oil composition, caryophyllene oxide, linalool, β-selinene.
Constituents of the Essential Oil of Pluchea quitoc DC
By Ângela M.C. Arriaga, Francisca C.V. Cordeiro, Jefferson Q. Lima, Jackson N. Vasconcelos, Edinilza M.A. Feitosa, Manoel Andrade-Neto and Ronaldo F. Nascimento
Abstract: The essential oil obtained from fresh leaves of Pluchea quitoc DC (Compositae) was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-four compounds are identified, of which δ-cadinene (25.3%) and 1,8-cineole (17.3%) were the major constituents. Key Word Index: Pluchea quitoc, Compositae, essential oil composition, δ-cadinene, 1,8-cineole.
Composition and Antimicrobial Screening of the Essential Oil of Acantholippia deserticola (Phil.ex F. Phil.) Moldenke
By Leonel Rojo, Julio Benites, Ana Rodrigues, Florência Venâncio, Luis Ramalho, Adriano Teixeira, Sónia Feio and Maria do Céu Costa*
Abstract: The composition of the essential oil from Acantholippia deserticola (Phil. ex F. Phil.) Moldenke (Verbenaceae) obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts was examined by GC, GC/MS and NMR. Twenty-two compounds were identified representing 98.9% of the total oil. α- and β-Thujone were characterized as the main constituents, 10.5% and 77.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the oil was tested for its antimicrobial activity using a micro-dilution assay exhibiting no inhibition on human pathogenic bacteria and yeast. Key Word Index: Acantholippia deserticola, Verbenaceae, rikarika, essential oil composition, β-thujone, α-thujone.
Antimicrobial Activity of Commercial Samples of Thyme and Marjoram Oils
By Aušra Šipailienė, Petras R. Venskutonis, Renata Baranauskienė and Antanas Šarkinas
Abstract: Commercial samples of thyme and marjoram oils were analyzed by capillary GC and coupled GC/MS. The antimicrobial activity of each oil was assessed against 10 different bacteria and eight strains of yeasts. p-Cymene (25.2%), thymol (31.4%) and carvacrol (3.8%) were important compounds in the oil of thyme, while limonene (17.3%), linalool (15.5%), terpinen-4-ol (7.3%), α-terpineol (13.0%) and linalyl acetate (14.1%) were major constituents in marjoram oil. Thyme oil possessed remarkable antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms, while marjoram oil demonstrated a lower antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of oils was higher against yeasts than bacteria. Key Word Index: Thymus vulgaris, Origanum majorana, Labiatae, essential oil composition, p-cymene, thymol, linalool, linalyl acetate, α-terpineol, antimicrobial activity.
Laboratory Evaluation of Heterothalamus alienus Essential Oil Against Different Pests of Apis mellifera
By Sergio R. Ruffinengo, Matías Maggi, Sandra Fuselli, Ignazio Floris, Gladys Clemente, Norberto H. Firpo, Pedro N. Bailac and Marta I. Ponzi
Abstract: The Heterothalamus alienus oil was investigated in laboratory for control of different pests that affect the colonies of bees, Apis mellifera, against Varroa destructor mite, the bacterium that causes the American Foulbrood, Paenibacillus larvae and the fungus that produces the chalkbrood, Ascosphaera apis. The oil composition was analyzed by GC and GC/MS, the main components of the oil were β-pinene (44.4%) and trans-muurola-4(14),5-diene (9.2%). The concentration to kill 50% of the mites in 24 h (LC50) was 0.59 mg/cage. Inferior and superior limits were the following ones: 0.34 mg/cage and 1.01 mg/cage, LC50 was estimated for 48 h, and 72 h showed a slight increase with respect to the record of the 24 h. Paenibacillus larvae strains were Gram positive and catalase negative, the oil presented MIC values of 800–900 mg/L and MBC of 1000–1200 mg/L. Disks of impregnated filter paper with H. alienus oil around colonies of A. apis in growth inhibited the micelial growth significantly by 51% in the first experiment (seven days) and by 31% in the second experiment (eight days). Key Word Index: Heterothalamus alienus, Asteraceae, essential oil composition, β-pinene, trans-muurola-4(14),5-diene, honeybee pathogens, Ascosphaera apis, Paenibacillus larvae, parasitic bee mite, Varroa destructor.
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