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September/October 2007
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Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Oil of Neolitsea foliosa (Nees) Gamble var.caesia (Meisner) Gamble (pg. 498)
Anil J. John, Vrujesh P. Karunakaran, and Varughese George,* Nediyaparambil S. Pradeep, Mathur G. Sethuraman
The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves of Neolitsea foliosa var. caesia was analyzed by GC
and GC/MS. Nineteen components comprising 90.6% of the oil were identified. The major components of the oil
were β−caryophyllene (35.3%), caryophyllene oxide (9.6%), elemol (8.2%) and β−elemene (6.1%). The oil showed
moderate antibacterial activity against most of the tested bacteria.
Essential Oil of Pluchea quitoc Dc. (Asteraceae) (pg. 494)
Euclésio Simionatto, Caroline Z. Stüker, Carla Porto, Ionara I. Dalcol, Ubiratan F. da Silva and Ademir Farias Morel,* Edésio L. Simionatto and Alberto W. Júnior
The essential oils of Pluchea quitoc, which were obtained from aerial parts of two samples (A and B) from two
different collection locations from South of Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-two
compounds representing ca 98.0% and 90.5% were identified in the oils of samples A and B, respectively. Sesquilavandulyl
acetate (7.6 - 24.1%), sesquilavandulol (8.2 - 24.3%) and α-gurjunene (20.0-20.5%) were the major components.
The antimicrobial activity of the oils, sesquilavandulol acetate and sesquilavandulol is also reported.
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Thymus ciliatus (Desf.) Benth.ssp. eu-ciliatus Maire from Algeria (pg. 490)
Leila Bousmaha-Marroki, Fewzia Atik-Bekkara, Félix Tomi and Joseph Casanova,*
Thymus ciliatus ssp. eu-ciliatus harvested in western Algeria produces an essential oil whose composition is
dominated by carvacrol (72.4–80.3%). The oil displayed antimicrobial activity.
Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Cymbopogon giganteus (Hochst.) Chiov. Essential Flower, Leaf and Stem Oils from Cameroon† (pg. 485)
Leopold Jirovetz,* Gerhard Buchbauer and Gernot Eller, Martin Benoit Ngassoum, Pierre M. Maponmetsem
The essential oils of fresh flowers (2 samples), leaves and stems of Cymbopogon giganteus (Hochst.) Chiovenda
from Cameroon were investigated by GC and GC/MS. More than 55 components have been identified in the samples
1 (flowers 1), 2 (leaves), 3 (stems) and 4 (flowers 2) with main compounds possessing the p-menthadiene skeleton
as follows: cis-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (1: 22.8%, 2: 27.7%, 3: 29.1%, 4: 20.5%), trans-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol
(1: 24.9%, 2: 21.6%, 3: 28.1%, 4: 26.5%), trans-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (1: 17.3%, 2: 22.1%, 3: 21.4%, 4: 16.3%) and
cis-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (1: 8.3%, 2: 5.4%, 3: 4.6%, 4: 9.7%). Additional components in higher concentrations,
responsible for the characteristic aroma impressions of these samples are especially limonene, trans-verbenol and
carvone as well as some other mono- and sesquiterpenes. Antimicrobial activities of the four oils were found against
Gram-(+)- and Gram-(-)-bacteria as well as the yeast Candida albicans, and these results were discussed with the
compositions of each sample.
The Seed (Fruit) Essential Oils of Angelica archangelica L. Growing Wild in Lithuania (pg. 477)
Ona Nivinskiene,* Rita Butkiene and Danute Mockute
Angelica archangelica L. seeds (fruits) were collected in three habitats in 2004 and 2005. Monoterpene hydrocarbons
(59.3–82.9%) comprised the largest part of the seed oils. One hundred and five identified constituents made up
84.6–95.7% of the oils. The oils of ripe seeds were rich in β-phellandrene (33.6–63.4%). α-Pinene (4.2–15.8%) and
sabinene (20.4%) were the second major constitutents in oils. Other main components of ripe seed oils were α-phellandrene,
myrcene and germacrene D. The amounts of β-phellandrene decreased from 57.0–63.4% to 39.0–41.3%
during the storage of the seeds for twelve months. The composition of the seed embryo oil differed from those of the
ripe seeds. The dominant compounds were myrcene (21.8%), α-pinene (13.2%), sabinene (8.4%) and zingiberene
(7.7%). The seed embryo oil contained about twice higher amount of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Only 5.2% of
β-phellandrene was present in the seed embryo oil.
Evaluation of the Acute Sedative Effect of Fragrances Based on a Biochemical Marker (pg. 470)
Masaki Yamaguchi* and Naoko Hanawa, Kei Hamazaki, Kimiharu Sato and Kimihiro Nakano,
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of a biomarker, salivary amylase, as an indicator of the
acute psychological sedative effects of four different types of fragrances. Twenty healthy female subjects in their late
30s were enrolled (36.3 ± 2.5 yr, mean ± SD). In order to induct the subjects a pre-stress, a cold pressor test was
conducted as an uncomfortable distress task, prior to the inhalation of test samples. The salivary amylase activity was
analyzed before, during and after the inhalation of the fragrance, using a hand-held salivary amylase activity monitor
previously fabricated by the authors. Our results indicated that (i) fragrances containing no chemical materials which
could directly activate the central nervous system, significantly induced a sedative effect in women, as assessed by
both analysis of the biomarker and subjective evaluation; (ii) salivary amylase activity can be an excellent indicator for
the evaluation of an acute, psychological sedative effect; and (iii) feel relaxed and refreshed might be a appropriate
question to precisely describe the sedative state, rather than the questions fun, stressed or uplifted.
Constituents of Essential Oil from Bauhinia forficata Link. (pg. 468)
Patrícia Sartorelli* and Daniela Saraiva Correa
The essential oil of Bauhinia forficata was obtained from leaves by steam distillation. The oil was analyzed by
GC and GC/MS. In total, 15 components were identified being 14 sesquiterpenes and one hydrocarbon. The main
component found was γ-elemene (38.4%) followed by α-bulnesene (17.3%), cariophyllene oxide (9.4%) and (Z)-β-
farnesene (9.1%).
Steam Volatile Terpenoids from Salvia leucantha (pg. 463)
Anuradha Negi, Mohammad S. Javed and Anand B. Melkani,* Vasu Dev and Philip S. Beauchamp
The essential oil from the aerial parts of Salvia leucantha Cav. (Lamiaceae) was analyzed by GC, GC/MS and NMR
spectroscopy. The oil was found rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons; β-caryophyllene (13.9%), α-guaiene (12.6%),
cis-muurola-3,5-diene (10.8%), germacrene D (13.8%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.7%). Bornyl acetate constituted
23.9% of the oil. This is the first detailed report on the essential oil composition based on capillary GC and GC/MS
analyses.
The Essential Oil of Tanacetum polycephalum Schultz-Bip. subsp. argyrophyllum (K. Koch.) Podlech from Iran (pg. 460)
Gh. Najafi, F. Sefidkon, V. Mozaffarian and H. Zare-Maivan
Essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Tanacetum polycephalum Schultz-Bip.
subsp. argyrophyllum (K. Koch.) Podlech before flowering and at full flowering stage, were analyzed by a combination
of capillary GC and GC/MS. Twenty-five components were identified that approximately constitute 92.8% and 97.9%
of the oils, before flowering and full flowering stage, respectively. The main constituents of the oils were camphor
(36.1% and 18.5%), pinocarvone (20.1% and 31.4%), α-pinene (8.6% and 9.5%), p-cymene (9.2% and 0.5%) and
bornyl acetate (8.8% and 5.9%) before flowering and full flowering stage, respectively.1,8-cineole (18.5%) was found
only in the oil of full flowering. There were some other differences between the minor components of the oils in two
harvesting time.
The Volatiles of Acacia howittii F. Muell. (pg. 457)
Joseph J Brophy,* Robert J Goldsack and Christopher J R Fookes,
The volatiles obtained from the phyllodes of Acacia howittii have been analyzed by GC and GC/MS and found to
contain 1-hexen-3-one (8-21%) and 1-octen-3-one (36-46%) as principal components. The major terpenes present in
the oil were α−pinene (0.6-7%) and β−caryophyllene (2-5%). The yield of volatiles was less than 0.1%.
Volatile Oil of Alpinia galanga Willd. of Sri Lanka (pg. 455)
Lakshmi S. R. Arambewela,* and Menuka Arawwawala, Noel L. Owen and Bruce Jarvis,
The volatile oil of rhizomes of Alpinia galanga (Family: Zingiberaceae) was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixteen
compounds accounting for 87% of the essential oil were identified. The major constituent was zerumbone (44.8%). This
is the first report of zerumbone in A. galanga and the composition of A. galanga rhizome oil of Sri Lankan origin.
Essential Oils of Nigeria II: Analysis of the leaf Oil of Securidaca longependuculata Fers. (pg. 452)
Muritala A. Adebayo, Anastasia Karioti, Helen Skaltsa,* and Isiaka A. Ogunwande
Securidaca longepedunculata, Polygalaceae, essential oil composition, methyl salicylate.
The Essential Oil of Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea L) Growing Wild In Eastern Lithuania (pg. 449)
Danute Mockute, Genovaite Bernotiene,* and Asta Judzentiene,
The essential oil of overground parts of wild Glechoma hederacea L.collected at full flowering in seven localities
of Eastern Lithuania were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. More than half of the oils were rich in sesquiterpene
hydrocarbons (56.5–67.9%). The most predominant compound was germacrene D (14.1–20.7%). The other main
constituents were γ-elemene (9.0–16.0%), β-elemene (8.7–12.9%), phytols (2.8–15.6%), (Z)-β-ocimene (2.2–8.5%),
1,8-cineole (92.2–5.4%), β-ylangene (2.7–4.1%) and germacrene B (2.2–3.9%). Forty-three identified compounds
made up 89.1–96.2%.
Volatile Constituents of the Stem and Leaves of Cordia Species from Mountain Forests of Pernambuco (North-eastern Brazil) (pg. 444)
José C. S. de Oliveira, Claudio A. G. da Camara,* and Manfred O. E. Schwartz
Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from stem and leaves of Cordia globosa (Jacq.) Hmb., Bonpl. et Kunth
and Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. et Schult. were analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The oil yield of C. globosa
and C. curassavica was 0.5% and 1.1% for the stem and 0.6% and 1.0% for the leaves, respectively. Although they
belong to the same genus, the chemical composition of the oils from two Cordia species was very different. The main
components in the oil of C. globosa were: 1-endo-bourbonanol (20.2% in stem) and linalyl butyrate (14.7% in stem);
β-caryophyllene (39.0% in leaves) and α-humulene (12.1% in leaves). Spathulenol (27.1% in stem), trans-sesquisabinene
hydrate (11.0% in stem), viridiflorol (10.7% in stem), β-phellandrene (25.3% in leaves), cubebol (23.9% in
leaves) and α-pinene (10.4 % in leaves) were the main constituents of the oils of C. curassavica.
Essential Oils from Ocotea austinii C. K. Allen (Lauraceae) from Costa Rica. (pg. 439)
Carlos Chaverri and José F. Cicció,*
The composition of the essential oil from leaves and twig wood of Ocotea austinii growing wild in Costa Rica
was determined by capillary GC/FID and GC/MS. Seventy-six and seventy-seven compounds were identified in the
leaf and twig wood oils corresponding to about 99.8% and 98.3% of the total amount of the oils, respectively. The
leaf oil consists mainly of terpene hydrocarbons (87.5%) and oxygenated terpenes (11.8%). The major components
of the leaf oil were α-pinene (33.2%), β-pinene (13.0%) and δ-cadinene (5.7%). The wood oil also consisted mainly
of terpene hydrocarbons (67.4%) and oxygenated terpenes (29.9%). The major components of the wood oil were
α-pinene (14.9%), β-pinene (8.2%), β-eudesmol (9.1%), α-eudesmol (8.8%) and viridiflorene (5.0%)
Composition of the Essential Oils from the Aerial Parts of Five Wild Growing Valeriana species (pg. 433)
Milica Pavlovic* and Nada Kovaˇcevic and Olga Tzakou and Maria Couladis
The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of five ,i>Valeriana species, growing wild in Serbia
and Montenegro, Valeriana officinalis L., V. pancicii Halácsy et Bald., V. bertiscea Pancic, V. montana L. and
V. braunii-blanquetii Lakušic were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major compounds were found to be α-kessyl
acetate (15.4%) and bornyl acetate (14.2%) in V. officinalis oil, patchouli alcohol (36.8%) in V. pancicii oil, isovaleric
acid (13.2-39.0%) and 3-methylvaleric acid (10.0-30.8%) in the oils of V. bertiscea, V. montana and V. brauniiblanquetii.
Composition of the Essential Oil of Teucrium persicum Boiss. From Iran (pg. 430)
K. Javidnia,* R. Miri and A. R. Khosravi
The essential oil of Teucrium persicum Boiss. was obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of the plant
and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Eighty-one components representing 93.5% of the total oil were identified. The
main components of the oil were caryophyllene oxide (10.6%), α−pinene (9.4%), geranyl linalool (7.8%), γ−cadinene
(7.4%), elemol (6.9%) and α−cadinol (5.5%).
Comparison of Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation and Hydrodistillation Methods for the Fruit Essential Oils of Foeniculum vulgare (pg. 426)
Müberra Ko¸sar,* Temel Özek, Mine Kürkçüoglu and K. Hüsnü Can Ba¸ser
Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MWHD) and hydrodistillation (HD) were carried out for the analysis of
volatile components in whole and ground fruits of ,i>Foeniculum vulgare Miller (fennel). Fruits were distilled using a
microwave oven modified to fit a Clevenger-type apparatus. The effect of microwave energy on the yield and composition
of the essential oil was investigated against the classical hydrodistillation. All the essential oils were analyzed by
GC-FID and GC/MS. (E)-anethole was found as the main compound in the oils of both whole and ground materials
(82.2–86.8%) using the two methods. Methyl chavicol (4.0–4.9%) and limonene (2.2–4.9%) were also found in fennel
oils obtained by HD and MWHD. The amounts of identified components in the oils obtained from whole and ground
fennel fruits were not affected significantly by microwave energy except for limonene.
Essential Oil Composition of Juniperus wallichiana from North Western region of Kumaun Himalaya (pg. 422)
Chandan S. Chanotiya and Chandra S. Mathela,*
The essential oils isolated from leaves, berries and twigs of Juniperus wallichiana collected from areas near Milam
glacier were dominated by sabinene (46.7%), besides α-pinene (6.6%) and terpinen-4-ol (6.5%) in leaf oil, while
the berry oil contained higher content of sabinene (50.6%) and α-pinene (8.1%). The twig essential oil contained
α-cadinol (9.8%), terpinen-4-ol (8.4%), oplopanone (8.0%) and epi-α-cadinol (5.0%) and almost no monoterpenes.
Indian oils revealed a higher percentage of monoterpenoids in the leaf and berry oils while the twig oil contained
sesquiterpenoids as major compounds.
Sesquiterpenes-Rich Essential Oils of Polyalthia longifolia Thw. (Annonaceae) from Nigeria # (pg. 419)
Akinola O. Ogunbinu, Isiaka A. Ogunwande,* Emmanuel Essien, Pier L. Cioni and Guido Flamini
The essential oils of the leaf and stem bark of Polyalthia longifolia Thw. (Annonaceae) have been studied for their
constituents by means of GC and GC/MS. The leaf oil was almost exclusively composed of sesquiterpene derivatives,
being represented by allo-aromadendrene (19.7%), caryophyllene oxide (14.4%), β-caryophyllene (13.0%), β-selinene
(7.9%), α-humulene (7.0%) and ar-curcumene (6.8%). However, α-copaene and α-muurolol (ca. 8.7%), β-selinene
(8.6%), viridiflorene (8.1%), α-guaiene (7.8%), allo-aromadendrene (7.4%) and δ-cadinene (7.0%) were the major
constituents occurring in the oil of the bark sample. All the other sesquiterpenoid compounds were observed in
amount greater than 1%. α-Pinene (0.5%) and camphene (tr), which are the two monoterpenoids present in the leaf
oil, could not be detected from the bark essential oil.
Composition of Potentilla speciosa Herb Essential Oil (pg. 416)
Nada N. Kovzacevic, * and Mihailo S. Ristic
The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the air-dried herb of Potentilla speciosa Willd. was determined
to be less than 0.1%. Chemical composition of the oil was determined by GC (FID) and GC/MS techniques.
The main components of the oil were the linear aliphatic aldehydes (decanal, undecanal, pentadecanal) and linear
aliphatic alcohols (undecanol, hexadecanol). In the terpene fraction, linalool (1.5%), hexahydofarnesylacetone (1.4%),
olivetol (1.0%), geranylacetone (0.9%), borneol (0.7%) and alpha-terpineol (0.6%) were also found.
Chemical Composition of Teucrium alopecurus Essential Oil from Tunisia (pg. 413)
Souleima F. Hachicha, Thouraya Skanji, Sami Barrek, Hédi Zarrouk,* and Zeineb G. Ghrabi
The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from Teucrium alopecurus De Noé, an endemic limited to
Matmata (southern Tunisia) was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC/MS). Fifty-seven components were identified; the predominant compounds of the oil of Teucrium alopecurus
were mainly sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (61.3%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (26.9%); δ-cadinene (13.4%),
nerolidyl acetate (12.3%), α-humulene (12.3%), α-guaiene (10.3%) and β-caryophyllene (8.2%).
Composition of the Essential Oils of Tordylium trachycarpum (Boiss.) Al-Eisawi et Jury and Tordylium hasselquistiae DC. Growing in Turkey (pg. 410)
Temel Özek,* Mine Kürkcüoglu, K. Hüsnü Can Baser and Alev Tosun,
The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from fruits of Tordylium trachycarpum (Boiss.) Al-Eisawi et Jury
and Tordylium hasselquistiae DC. (Apiaceae) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In total, fifty-three compounds were
characterized, representing 99.5% of the oil and sixty-one compounds were characterized, representing 98.8% of
the oil of T. trachycarpum and T. hasselquistiae, respectively. The main constituents were octyl octanoate (79.9%),
octanol (11.0%) and octanoic acid (2.9%) in T. trachycarpum; and octyl hexanoate (72.7%), octyl octanoate (12.7%) and octanol (3.3%) in the oil of T. hasselquistiae.
Volatile Constituents of Rhizomes and Leaves of Alpinia allughas Roscoe. (pg. 407)
Om Prakash, Sushil Joshi, A.K. Pant,* C.S. Chanotiya and C.S. Mathela,
The GC and GC/MS analyses of the oils from the rhizome and leaves of Alpinia allughas led to identification of
22 and 42 constituents, respectively. The major constituents of the rhizome oil were β-pinene (55.3%) and α-pinene
(9.7%) whereas in the leaf oil β-pinene (25.5%), 1,8-cineole(23.3%) and α-humulene (9.7%) were major. The unique
feature is the dominant presence of two pinenes (rhizome (65%) and leaf (30.9%)) unlike other species of Alpinia
Chemical Composition of Leaf and Inflorescence Essential Oils of Eupatorium cannabinum L. from Eastern Lithuania (pg. 403)
Asta Judzentiene
Content and composition of the essential oils of Eupatorium cannabinum L. have been studied. The plants were
collected on Neris riverbank in Vilnius district at full flowering stage; oils were prepared by hydrodistillation and analyzed
by GC and GC/MS. Germacrene D has been found as a first principal component in five out of six investigated
oils (9.1–12.3%) and in one flower oil as third main compound (7.7%). Neryl acetate was a second major constituent
in all leaf oils (average mean: 9.4%) and in two samples of inflorescence oils (7.9% and 8.2%), while another ester
neryl isobutyrate was the third dominant component in one flower oil. Methyl thymol was the first main compound
in one flower oil and the fourth in all investigated leaf oils (average mean: 5.7%). β−Bisabolene comprising 7.1%
and 5.6% was second or fourth constituent in two inflorescence, and as third compound (6.7% and 8.6%) in two leaf
oils. Seventy-nine identified compounds formed up 71.9–83.8% of total oil content. Monoterpenes and oxygenated
monoterpenes dominated both in the inflorescence and leaf oils (36.9–59.3% and 36.5–44.3%, respectively), while
the amount of sesquiterpenoids was 22.7–31.8% in the flower and 31.7–38.3% in leaf oils.
Volatile Constituents of the Leaves and Stems of Piper glandulosissimum Yunck. (pg. 401)
Eloisa Helena A. Andrade and Maria das Graças B. Zoghbi*
The essential oils of the leaves and stems of Piper glandulosissimum collected in the city of Belém (PA), were
obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major components identified in the oils of P.
glandulosissimum are caryophyllene oxide (stems: 15.3%, leaves: 2.3%) and β-caryophyllene (stems: 12.6%, leaves:
9.3%). Yield of leaves and stems were 0.3% and 0.1%, respectively.
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